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Plant Biology
12-29
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Called the Father of Systematic Botony. | Carolus Linnaeus |
| Established modern system of nomenclature | Carolus Linnaeus |
| Classification system in which the genus and species names are used. | Binomial system of nomenclature, |
| Published in 1753 classifying 12,000 plants and animals, many of the names in this book are still in use today. | Systema Naturae by Linnaeus |
| Taxonomic Hierarchy Mnemonic | Kings Play Chess On Flat Girls Stomachs |
| Taxonomic Hierarchy | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (specific epithet) |
| A set of individuals that are closely related by descent from a common ancestor and ordinarily can reproduce with each other, but not with others. | Species |
| A graphical representation of phylogenetic characteristics. | Cladogram |
| Species that share a common ancestor that come from one clade are: | monophyletic |
| Groups containing species that do not share a common ancestor are: | polyphyletic |
| Photosynthetic organisms besides plants. | Cyanobacteria Phytoplankton Photosynthetic algae |
| Algae Life Cycle: ____________ is dominant. | Sporophyte |
| Three main characteristics of Bryophytes. | Gametophyte dominant. Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte No xylem or phloem. |
| In bryophytes, sperm swim through water to reach egg located inside an | archegonium |
| Nonvascular tissue which anchors a bryophyte to the substrate. | rhizoids |
| Three groups of Bryophytes | Liverworts, hornworts, mosses. |
| Organisms with photosynthetic pigments. | cyanobacteria, Algae, Dinoflagellates, plants, phytoplankton |
| 3 Major groups of algae | brown, red, green |
| Plants and Green Algae have these 3 things in common | Chlorophyll A and B, store starch food reserves inside plastids, Have firm cell walls made of cellulose or pectin. |
| Plantae Gen. Char. Kingdom Plantae contain ___________, ____________, and _____________. | chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. |
| Plantae Gen. Char. K. Plantae store starches within ___________. | Chloroplasts |
| Plantae Gen. Char. K. Plantae have cell walls made primarily of ____________. | Cellulose. |
| Plantae Gen. Char. K. Plantae form a ________ and a ___________ during cell division | phragmoplast and cell plate |
| Plantae Gen. Char. K. Plantae have a _________ life cycle. | sporic |
| Plantae Gen. Char. K. Plantae are _____________(concerning gametes) and have ______________. | oogamous, embryos |
| Plantae Gen. Char. Movement onto dry land was facilitated by _____________ around sperm and egg producing cells. | development of protective layer of sterile cells. |
| _________and____________ appear to have evolved from green algae to become _____________. | Bryophytes and vascular plants/Embryophytes |
| 5 characteristics of land plants that are lacking from green algae | Sporophyte dependent on Gametophyte, non flagellated egg cell, multicellular sporophyte generation, Tissues produced by apical meristem. |
| Characteristics of Bryophytes | Gametophyte dominant, Sporophyte dependant on gametophyte, no xylem or phloem |
| Gametophytes nutritionally independent of sporophytes, but sporophytes attached to and nutritionally dependent on gametophytes | Bryophytes |
| Bryophytes have a ____________ dominated life cycle. | gametophyte |
| ________ anchor the gametophyte to the substrate. | Rhizoids. |
| T or F Rhizoids are a vascular water conducting tissue. | False |
| In bryophytes, sperm swim through water to reach an egg located in the _____________. | archegonium. |
| 3 groups of bryophytes from least to most "advanced." | Liverworts (no stomata or specialized conducting tissue, Hornworts (stomata, no conducting tissue), Mosses (both plus multicellular rhizoids) |
| What was required for plants to move on land, grow large and prosper? | Protection from dehydration, efficient transfer system for water and nutrients, structural support |
| Protection from dehydration was accomplished by: | Thicker cuticles, Stomata, Cell layer or wall protection of spores and gametes, eventually seeds. |
| Greater structural support for land plants was accomplished by the addition of ____________ to the cell walls to increase rigidity. | lignin |
| Efficient transfer of water and nutrients was accomplished by the production of: | Xylem cells for water Phloem cells for nutrients. |
| In direct contrast to Bryophytes, vascular plants have a larger, dominant ____________ generation (free living). | sporophyte |
| Plants that porduce only one kind of spore (each with both sexes). | Homosporous |
| Plants that produce two different types of spores (different sexes). | Heterosporous. |
| Production of ___________ gives rise to male gametophyte. | microspores |
| Production of _____________ gives rise to female gametophyte. | megaspores |
| Major developments among the seedless vascular plants include: | Vasculature, differentiation into roots, stems and leaves (some), complex leaves (part of one). |
| Five phyla of seedless vascular plants | rhyniophyta, zosterophyllaphyta, trimerophytophyta, Lycopodiaphyta (extant), Pteridophyta (extant) |
| This phylum includes the club mosses and has complex branching, roots, stems and microphyll leaves. | Lycopodiophyta |
| Ferns, whisk ferns and horsetails are in this phylum. | Pteridophyta |
| A fern's spores are concentrated on __________ on leaves. | Sori |
| ___________ are small leaves with a single unbranched vein. | Microphylls |
| ____________ are larger leaves with a branched vascular system. | Megaphylls |
| Why make a leaf? | Greater photosynthesis, increase in transpiration, better gas exchange. |
| A _______ is a mature ovule containing an embryo. | Seed |
| Seeds are a successful adaptation because they provide what two things to the embryo? | Protection (from dehydration and physical threats) and food for critical stages of germination. |
| The ovule consists of a ___________ enveloped by one or two integuments and a ___________ end. | nucellus and micropyle |
| After fertilization the ___________ develop into the seed coat, forming the seed. | integuments |
| The five extant phyla of the seed plants include four ___________ and _______________. | Gymnosperms and Anthophyta (angiosperms). |
| All seed plants are _____________. | heterosporous |
| In pollination the _____________ develops as pollen grains. | male gametophyte |
| Gymnosperm pollination usually occurs by _______________. | wind |
| Conifers, gnetophytes and angiosperms use a ___________ to convey the sperm to the egg cell. | pollen tube. |
| Gymnosperm means ____________. | Naked seeds. (ovules and seeds are exposed on the surface of the sporophylls) |
| 4 extant phyla of the Gymnosperms | coniferophyta, cycadophyta, ginkophyta, gnetophyta |
| Largest gymnosperm phylum, includes pines, firs and spruce | Coniferophyta |
| Conifer leaves (needles) are suited for dry conditions because of | thick cuticles and sunken stomata. |
| Five classic plant hormones | Auxin, Cytokinin, Ethylene, Abscisic acid, Gibberellin |
| Substance that acts in very low concentrations, synthesized in one tissue but transported and acts in another. | Hormone |
| Primarily produced in the shoot tip, apical dominance, fruit development, lateral root formation | Auxin |
| Responsible for phototropism | Auxin |
| ____________ suppresses lateral branching. | Auxin |
| Auxin transport is _______. | polar (not vascular, transported through parenchyma cells. |
| ____________ forms in roots and is transported upward in the xylem. | Cytokinin |
| It is the balance ratio of _____________ that determines cell/ tissue differentiation (shoots or roots). | cytokinin to auxin |
| Smallest hormone controlling fruit ripening and abscission of leaves. | Ethylene |
| Ethylene controls the triple response in seedlings. What is this? | Hypocotyl length, width and the Apical hook. |
| Growth inhibitor that is found in dormant seeds and produced in response to stress and causes stomatal closure. | Abscisic acid (ABA) |
| Abscisic Acid is transported: | in the xylem |
| Hormone produced in the shoot apex (leaf buds) to dramatically stimulate stem growth and cause enzymatic starch breakdown. | Gibberellic Acid |
| Essential for stem elongation (dwarfs), Promotes seed development and parthenocarpy (virgin fruit), flowering, SAM maintenance | Gibberellic Acid |
| Growth and expansion | Brassinosteroids |
| defense | Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid |
| branching | Strigolactones |
| Directional growth toward or away from the gravity vector is ___________. | gravitropism |
| Gravity is perceived in plant root tips and stems by | the seimentation of starch statoliths causes a Ca+ signal to trigger Auxin reproduction. |
| __________ is the response of a plant due to contact with a solid object. | Thigmotropism |
| ___________ is responsible for the coiling of tendrils around a support. | Thigmotropism. |
| ___________ is a change in plant morphology in response to touch (e.g. touch inhibits growth-elongation.) | Thigmomorphogenesis |
| Studies of seed germination in the 1930s led to the discovery of __________. | phytochromes |
| Growth response to light is called ___________ | phototropism |
| Phototropism is caused by an asymmetrical distribution of __________. | Auxin |
| Cyclical responses to environmental stimuli are called ____________. | Circadian rhythms. |
| A physiological response to a the relative lengths of night and day (flowering time) is called | photoperiodism |
| Photoperiodism is regulated by _____________. | Phytochrome |
| Reorientation of leaves or flowers to the sun caused by movement of connective tissue at the base of the organ: | Heliotropism |
| _____________ require a light period shorter than a critical length to flower. | Short-day plants |
| _____________ require a light period longer than a certain number of hours to flower. | Long-day plants |
| ____________ are unaffected by photoperiod and flower when reaching a certain age or maturity. | Day-neutral plants |
| In the absence of ____________ a plant will experience deficiency symptoms that limit growth. | Essential nutrients. |
| The process of using certain plants to extract specific elements from the soil | phytoremediation |
| The major uptake of nutrients occurs through the roots primarily through ___________. | diffusion |
| Ways that plants can increase nutrient uptake: | Mycorrhiza, nodules, and increasing root length and surface area. |
| A mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root that hulps the plant absorb essential mineral from the soil | Mycorrhiza |
| A small swelling on the root of a leguminous plant in which benefical nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium) live. | nodule |
| Palm like leaves, motile sperm, dioecious. | Cycadophyta |
| _____________ have multiflagellate sperm that develop within and are carried to the egg by the pollen tube. | Cycadophyta |
| Has fan-shaped leaves, motile sperm and is dioecious. One extant sp. | Ginkgophyta |
| Has 3 living genera, Gnetum, ephedra and welwitschia. | Gnetophyta |
| Primary characteristics of Angiosperms | Flowering plants, Seeds encased in a fruit, Divided into 2 main groups (Monocot and Eudicot), Contain herbaceous and wood members. |
| The endosperm tissue formed during the fusion of the two polar nuclei and a sperm nuclei has this level of ploidy. | Triploid |
| Before fertilization the Megasporangium has divided three times to yield _______ nuclei. | 8 |
| Double fertilization in angiosperms gives rise to both the _________ and the ____________. | zygote and endosperm |
| Primary functions of seeds are: | Protection to developing embryo, adaptation for dispersal, maintain a dormant state until conditions for growth are favorable, supply energy source during initial growth. |
| morphogenesis | The development of form. |
| The plan of growth and development that is not genetically limited and continues over an extended period of time is known as _____________. | indeterminate growth |
| Plant cells are ____________ and can differentiate into any other plant cell type. | totipotent |
| Meristematic plant tissues or regions include: | Shoot Apical, Protoderm, Cork Cambium, procambium |
| Regions of the Shoot Apical meristem | Central zone, peripheral zone, corpus, tunica |
| The three main tissue systems found in all plant organs | Dermal, Ground, Vascular |
| Outermost cell layer composed of cell such as trichomes and stomata. | Epidermis |
| Primary functions of cells in the epidermal layer. | Protection from excess light, wind or herbivory, Control of gas and water exchange, Anchoring and extraction of nutrients from the soil. |
| Have thin cell walls and large vacuoles, Are the main site of photosynthesis. | Parenchyma cells. |
| It functions in transporting metabolites and signals, is part of the vacular system, is a complex tissue, one of its cell types is a sieve tube member. | Phloem |
| It functions in providing mechanical support to the plant, is part of the vascular system, has dead cells at maturity, transports water and minerals | Xylem |
| Major functions of the root | Movement or conduction of absorbed materials to the rest of the plant, Storage, Abosorption or uptake of water and nutrients. |
| The 3 zones of the root in order, starting just behind the root cap moving upwards toward the shoot: | Zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of maturation |
| In a typical eudicot root the tissue layers would be found in the following order from outer to inner | Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, phloem, xylem |
| __________ is the net movement of a substance such as water from a more concentrated region to a less concentrated one. | diffusion |
| ____________ is the overal movement of water driven by differences in potential energy. | Bulk flow |
| ____________ is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. | Osmosis |
| T or F Facilitated diffusion is NOT an active mode of solute transport requiring energy. | True |
| List two types of movement or paths that water takes as it moves from the exterior of the root through to the cortex. | Apoplastic and Symplastic |
| The flow of water from the roots through the stem and eventually to evaporation of water vapor through the stomata responsible for transporting water up great distances in the plant: | Transpiration stream |
| The band of waterproof material that borders the cells of the endodermis ensuring water can only enter the xylem by passing through the membrane of the endodermal cells: | Casparian Strip. |
| Lateral roots are formed from the ____________. | pericycle |
| Adventitous or prop roots are formed from the ___________. | stem |
| Fungal and bacterial infections such as ____________ and ___________ are symbiotic. | mycorrhiza and nodules |
| Principle functions of plant stems | Support of leaves and other organs, movement of photosynthates between various organs, conduction or movement of water between various organs |
| The region of a stem where branches or leaves are produced is called a _________, the regions between are called _________. | Node, internode |
| Bud primordia develop into _________. | Lateral shoots. |
| A ___________ is one that is entirely surrounded by a sheath of cells such that when the cells within the bundle are mature they do not divide any further. | Closed vascular bundle |
| Primary functions of most leaves. | Transpiration, photosynthesis, gas exchange. |
| __________ parenchyma are long, column shaped cells packed with chloroplasts where most of the photosynthesis occurs. | Palisade |
| ___________ parenchyma are irregular in shape and have fewer chloroplasts and are more involved in gas exchange in the leaf. | Spongy |
| Properties of secondary growth in plants: | It can come from the cork cambium, It can come from the vascular cambium, It is the primary way that girth is added to angiosperms, It occurs in stems and roots, but rarely. |
| The __________ initials are flat elongated cells that produce the axial or vertical vascular transport system cells. | Fusiform |
| __________ initials are isodiametric and small cells that produce the radial or lateral vascular transport system cells. | Ray |
| T/F The vascular cambium arises from cells just inside the epidermal cell layer in the stem. | False |
| T/F The pattern of annual growth rings in wood can be most easily seen in changes in sizes of xylem produced early in the season vs. late in the season. | True |
| T/F The size of growth rings in a tree can be used to determine the climate of previous years. | True |
| It produces the cork cells, is part of the secondary tissue covering the plant, is part of the bark, and contains the cork cambium. | Periderm |
| Which is not a part of the bark? a)cork cambium, b)cork, c)secondary phloem,d)secondary xylem, e)the periderm | D |
| Types of leaves modified for a function other than photosynthesis: | Spine, tendril, Colorful bracts to attract pollinators, pitcher of a carnivorous plant |
| _____________ is a pattern or arrangement of leaves emerging from the stem. | Phyllotaxy |
| Flower whorls consist of: | Sepal or calyx, pistils or gynoecium, stamens or androecium, petals or corolla. |
| __________ plants contain specifically male and female flowers on different plants. | Dioecious |
| Flowers on dioecious plants can always be classified as this type of flower withouth knowing anything more about their shape. | Imperfect |
| A fruit can be classified as a ______ ovary. | mature |
| The fruit wall or pericarp can be divided into 3 parts. | Exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp |
| Three distinct features of plant cells: | Cell walls, Plastids (chloroplasts), Large vacuoles. |
| Which plant cell organelles beside the nucleus contains its own genome? | Chloroplasts and Mitochondria |
| ___________ are cytoplasmic strands that traverse the cell wall connecting one cell to the next. | Plasmodesmata |
| Plant cells have several different types of plastids: | Chloroplast, Proplast, Chromoplast, Leucoplast |
| There are two major processes that occur during the division of a cell into two daughter cells that are often overlapping. __________ or nuclear division and ___________ or cytoplasmic division. | Mitosis and cytokenesis |
| Two major control or check points during the cell cycle occur in _____ and _______ phases. | G1 and G2 |
| A dormant resting stage of the cell cycle. | G0 phase |
| A doubling of cell size and components: | G1 phase |
| Repair of any DNA damage: | G2 phase |
| Replication of DNA | S phase. |
| The rigid outermost later of the cell: | Cell Wall |
| The living substance within the cell wall inclucing all the organelles and nucleus. | Protoplast. |
| The separation of identical chromosomes is complete during which stage of mitosis? | Telophase |
| Site of respiration in the cell. Resembles bacteria and is bound by a double membrane. | Mitochondria |
| Mediates the transport of substances in and out of the protoplast, detects responses to hormones and growth signals | Plasma Membrane |
| Controls activity of the cell, Stores genetic information | Nucleus |
| Site of photosynthesis, semi-autonomous, specialized organelles involved in a variety of functions. | Plastids |
| Conversion of fats to sucrose during germination, photorespiration | Peroxisome |
| Storage of a variety of substances, Cell enlargement and rigidity, up to 90% of cell volume. | Vacuole |
| Network of protein filaments that extend through the cytosol, cell division, organelle movement | Cytoskeleton. |
| Continuous membrane system that covers the entire cytosol, synthesis and transport of membranes, proteins, lipids | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
| Membrane system that sorts and processes substances into vesicles for transport | Golgi Apparatus |
| The exchange of genetic material referred to as crossing over occurs during which phase of Meiosis? | Prophase I |
| The condensation of chromosomes and breakdown of the nuclear envelope occurs during which phase of Mitosis? | Prophase. |
| Gametes produced in __________ vs. non-gamete cells in ___________. | Meiosis . . . mitosis |
| ______ nuclear divisions in meiosis vs. ________ in mitosis. | Two . . . only one. |
| Four __________ nuclei produced in meiosis VS. Two _________ nuclei during mitosis. | Haploid . . . Diploid. |
| Each of the nuclei produced by meisis contains __________ gene combinations VS. mitosis produces nuclei with _____________ gene combinations. | different . . . identical |
| What is the central Dogma of genetics (information flow in the cell.) | DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated into Proteins. |
| All of the genetic information in an organism's chromosomes is known as its ____________. | Genome. |
| A _________ is known as the fundamental unit of heredity. | Gene |
| This part of a gene is removed after transcription into RNA. | Intron |
| An enzyme can simply be defined as a ________________. | Protein catalyst |
| Glycolysis is an initial step in the breakdown of glucose that precedes | Respiration and Fermentation |
| The electron transport chain is involved in | powering ATP synthase, pumping H+, releasing the energy from NADH, releasing the energy from FADH(2) |
| Aerobic, In the Mitochondria, 36 ATPs per glucose | Respiration |
| Anaerobic, in the cytosol, 2 ATPs per Glucose. | Fermentation. |
| Which process has a net requirement ofr energy rather than a net production of energy? | Fermentation |
| List the two major processes of photosynthesis and where in the choloroplast each process occurs: | Light Reaction in the Grana, Calvin cycle in the stroma. |
| ____________ processes both breaking down organic compounds and biosynthesis of coumpounds. | Citric acid cycle |
| ______________: a reation or process that releases energy. | Exergonic |
| A reaction or process that requires energy. | Endergonic |
| An exchange of an electron during a reaction, loss or gain of an electron. | Redox reaction. |
| Each photosystem complex contains ____________(number) pigment molecules. | 250-400 |
| During photosynthesis light energy is converted into chemical energy and then that chemical energy is used to reduce carbon and synthesize ______________. | Simple sugars. |
| 3 pigments | Chlorophyll A, Chlorophyll B, and Carotenes |
| This is an oxygenase, a carboxylase and an essential enzyme in the calvin cycle. | Rubisco |
| ______________ is the complete oxidation of sugars to carbon dioxide and water. | Respiration. |
| Under normal temperatures _______ plants have greater photosynthetic efficiencies than C4 or CAM plants | C3 |
| Most plants are ___________. ___________ includes a variety of species like grass and corn (1%). ___________ plants are mainly desert adapted succulents (5-10%) | C3, C4, CAM |
| CO2 fixation by Rubisco. | C3 |
| CO2 fixation by PEP carboxylase. | C4 |
| CO2 fixation by PEP carboxylase yielding malic acie stored in the vauole during the day and refixation at night. | CAM |
| Spatial strategy: | C4 |
| Temporal Strategy. | CAM |
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