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TL CH 1 GERO
Principles of Gerontology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What makes life HHARD for seniors? (Chronic health conditions that often lead to disability) | Hypertension, Heart disease, Arthritis, Respiratory disorders, Diabetes |
| What level of prevention is health promotion like promoting healthy eating and exercise? | Primary prevention |
| What level of prevention is early diagnosis and treatment? | Secondary prevention |
| What level of prevention is restoration and rehabilitation? | Tertiary prevention |
| Referral for examination and testing is what level of prevention? | Secondary |
| What level of prevention is teaching a client to use a walker? | Tertiary prevention |
| What test does Medicare pay for yearly? | FOBT, Mammograms, Pap smears, pelvic exam, Prostate-Specific Antigen, Digital Rectal Exam, Glaucoma screening for at risk, |
| Top 5 chronic diseases that cause death in ages 65 and up | Heart disease, Cancer, Stroke, COPD, Diabetes |
| What scale is used to show progress toward independence related to ADLs | KATZ |
| What changes occur in the heart with age? | heart muscles thicken, max rate and ability to extract oxygen from blood decrease |
| Changes to arteries with aging | Arteries tend to stiffen. Heart has to work harder to move blood through inelastic arteries |
| How much does breathing capacity decline between the ages of 40 and 70? | 40% |
| What changes take place in the brain with normal aging? | loss of neurons and axons, but studies show that the older brain can be stimulated to create new neurons – not fully understood yet |
| What happens to kidney function with normal aging? | less efficient at removing wastes |
| What happens to the bladder as we age? | Less capacity |
| What is a greater risk to apples than pears? | heart disease – weight around the middle is a risk factor |
| What happens to fat distribution with aging? | less under the skin more around internal organs |
| What happens to muscles (in absence of exercise)? | mass declines 22% in women and 23% in men |
| What happens to bones as we age? | loss outpaces replacement in women at about age 35 – loss accelerated at menopause |
| What can be done to prevent bone loss short of Rx meds? | Weight-bearing exercise and high calcium intake |
| What happens to sight with aging? | Around 40 loss of up close vision – After 50 increased sensitivity to glare, difficulty in low light and detecting moving objects, At 70 declining ability to distinguish fine detail |
| What happens to the sense of hearing with aging? | harder to hear high frequencies and to hear when there is lots of background noise |
| What happens to personality as a person ages? | not much change except that pain, health problems or illness may lead to depression or isolation |
| What truth debunks the myth that being old means being sick? | Only 5% of older folks need long term care facilities. Most older folks have chronic illnesses but function well. |
| What truth debunks the myth that being old means being set in your ways? | Older folks can learn new things and having mentally challenging activities has been shown to decrease the development of Alzheimer’s. |
| What truth debunks the myth that health promotion is wasted on old people? | Never too late to adopt a healthy lifestyle (Exercise, Diet). Even though damage may not be reversed, health benefits will still be derived. Example: people who stop smoking will enjoy better health outcomes than those who do not. |
| What truth debunks the myth that the elderly do not pull their own weight? | The elderly contribute in many ways: to the arts, volunteer, grandchildren, workforce |
| What truth debunks the myth that it is too late to change bad habits? | Risk of heart disease decrease as soon as a person quits smoking. Exercise strengthens muscles, improves strength and physical fitness at any age. |
| What truth debunks the myth that older people are not interested in sex? | Some people may have decreased interest while other people continue to have interest in intimacy throughout life. |
| What kind of things would be considered primary prevention? | Education, injury prevention, nutrition, exercise, limit dangers – smoking, alcohol, carcinogens |
| What kind of things would be considered secondary prevention? | Screening to include function, cognition, mood, mobility, pain, skin, quality of life, nutrition, neglect, abuse; referral for examination and testing; disease cure and aggressive treatment to limit damage |
| What kinds of things are considered tertiary Prevention? | Multidisciplinary Rehab (physical, occupational, speech, and recreational); rehab facilities or in home; services and aides to promote independence (walkers, canes, home health aide, visiting nurse) |
| What are the two types of biological aging theories? | Programmed and Error |
| What are three Programmed Theories? | Programmed Longevity, Endocrine Theory, Immunological Theory |
| What kind of aging theories hypothesizes that the genetic code contains instructions for cellular reproduction and death? | Program Theories |
| Aging is a result of switching on and off of certain genes | Programmed Longevity |
| Hormones run the biological clock. Hormone replacement will keep the clock going longer | Endocrine Theory |
| Aging and death are due to the decline of immune function leading to increased vulnerability to disease, aging, and death. | Immunological Theory |
| Toxic by-products cause damage to normal cell functions and repair | Error Theories |
| Cells and organs have vital parts that wear out with use | Wear and Tear Theory |
| Accumulation of cross-linked proteins leads to cataracts, wrinkling, and aging. | Cross- Link Theory |
| Oxygen radicals cause cumulative damage. Antioxidants slow damaging effects. | Free Radical Theory |
| Proponents of this theory feel that genetic manipulation and alteration may slow the aging process. | Somatic DNA Theory – Genetic mutations are the cause of aging |
| Particular genes, activated by certain enzymes, are responsible for aging. | Emerging Biologic Theories |
| Name two Psychological Aging Theories. | Jung’s theory of individualism and Erickson’s Developmental Theory |
| A person tries to find the answers to life’s riddles and the essence of “true self” by shifting from extroversion to introversion | Jung’s Theory of Individualism |
| Acceptance of eventual death with either a sense of satisfaction or dissatisfaction based on the person’s interpretation of the integrity of their life experience | Erikson’s Developmental Theory of Ego Integrity vs. Despair |
| Aging theories that tend to deal with roles and relationships | Sociological Aging Theories |
| Name 3 Sociological Aging Theories. | Disengagement Theory, Activity Theory, Continuity Theory |
| What theory states that there is a mutual reciprocal withdrawal of the individual from society? | Disengagement Theory |
| Aging is not considered a time of major life readjustment, but perhaps just a little bit of slowing down | Continuity Theory |
| Aging adult should stay engaged and active if they are to age successfully | Activity Theory |
| What two ethnic groups have increasing rates of diabetes, probably related to the increase rates of obesity in these populations? | African Americans and Hispanics |
| What disorder is common to 60% of the African American population? | high blood pressure |
| What are the two basic goals of Healthy People 2010? | increase quality and years of life; eliminate health disparities |
| How often should our older patients have an FOBT? | 1/year |
| How often should our older patients have sigmoidoscopy? | once q 4 years |
| How often should our older patients have a colonoscopy? | every 10 years or 2 years if at risk |
| How often should our older patients have lipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels tested? | every 5 years |
| How often should our older patients have a barium enema exam? | every 4 years or every 2 for at risk |
| How often should our older patients have mammograms? | yearly |
| How often should our older patients have pap smears and pelvic exams? | yearly |
| How often should our older patients have the prostate-specific antigen test? | yearly |
| How often should our older patients have digital rectal exam? | yearly |
| How often should our older patients have bone mass screening? | every 2 years for those at risk |
| How often should our older patients have Fasting Blood Glucose screening? | Every 6 months for those at risk |
| How often should our older patients have Diabetes monitoring? | as needed for those with diabetes |
| How often should our older patients have flu, pneumonia, and hepatitis b vaccinations? | yearly unless physician says at risk |
| How often should our older patients have glaucoma screening? | yearly |
| How often should our older patients have smoking cessation counseling? | eight face to face visits during 12 months for those with smoking-related illness or taking medication that may be affected by smoking |
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Perseverandovercome
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