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Carbs
Carbohydrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Carbohydrates major role? | Energy storage/regeneration structural material and molecular recognition/communications |
| What makes up Carbs | Cx(H2O)y |
| What are properties of Carbs? | -size base of carbon chain - location of CO group - number of sugar units - stereochemistry of compound |
| How can we describe carbs? | 3= trios 4= tetrose 5= pentose 6= hexose (most commonn) |
| Define Aldose | Aldehyde functional group |
| Define Ketose | Ketone functional group |
| 2 representations of structure | 1. Fisher projection 2. Haworth projection |
| Define Steroisomers | Central carbons and how the align |
| 2 possible arrangements of steroisomers | 1. L = Left (HO) 2. D = Right (OH) (most common) |
| Define Monosaccharide | simple sugar = can't be further hydrolized |
| Define Disaccharide | Compound of 2 monosaccharides |
| Define Oligosaccharide | Two to Ten |
| Define Polysaccharide | Large numbers of monosaccharides |
| Two main chemical properties of carbs | 1. Reducing substances 2. Formation of glycosidaicbonds |
| When making bonds | when bonded it is no longer a reducing substance |
| Define absorption | 1. Intestinal mucosa 2. Liver |
| Define Galactose | Final phase of glucose |
| Define Glycogen | Storage form of glucose (forms skeletal muscles) |
| Define Glycolysis | the process by which glycogen or glucose is converted to G6P for entry into the glycolytic pathway to generate energy |
| Define Glycogenesis | the process by which glucose is stated as glycogen if all glucose requirements are met. This is accomplished in the liver and muscles. |
| Define Glyconeogenesis | The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate source(fats and proteins) |
| Define Lipogenesis | Conversion of fats to glucose for energy |
| Define Lipolysis | Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids |
| 2 Pathways of Glycolysis | 1. Emben-Myerhof Pathway 2. Hexose Monophosphate Shunt |
| 2 Primary regulators | 1. Insulin 2. Glucagon |
| What is the normal fasting glucose | 70-105 mg/dL |
| Define Insulin | Responsible for entry of glucose into the cell by making the cell wall more permeable to glucose. Secreted by Beta Cells and reduces plasma glucose |
| Define Glucagon | Increases glucose levels in blood. Secreted by Alpha cells and stimulates glycogenesis and glyconeogenesis |
| Name Secondary Hormones of Carb Metabolism | - Epinephrine - Glucocorticoids - ACTH and Growth Hormone - Thyroxine - Somatosatin |
| Define Epinephrine | Produced by Adrenal Medulla. Inhibits insulin secretion. Increases plasma glucose. Increases glycogenlysis. Promotes lipolysis. |
| Define Glucocoricoids | - Corisol - Released by adrenal cortex - increases plasma glucose - decreases intestinal entry into cell - increases glyconeogenesis,liver glycogen and lypolysis |
| Define ACTH and Growth Hormone | - Released from anterior pituitary - increases plasma glucose |
| Define Thyroxine | - Produced in Thyroid Gland - Increases plasma glucose levels - Increases glycogenolysis and absorption of glucose. |
| Define Somatostatin | -produced in delta cells - increases plasma glucose levels by inhibition of insulin |
| Define Hyperglycemia | -Increases Plasma glucose levels |
| Define Diabetes Mellitus | A group of chronic, heterogenous group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. |
| Types of Diabetes Mellitus | Type 1 - Insulin Dependent Type 2 - Non-Insulin Dependent Gestational - During pregnancy |
| Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | -Destruction of B-cells -Children and adolescents -Abrupt onset -Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia |
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | -Insulin Resistance -Obese people -Generally Milder |
| Gestational Diabetes | -During Pregnancy -Screening for High risk mothers -*see Big Babies |
| Pathophysiology of Diabetes | -Hyperglycemia -Glucosuria -Ketoacidosis (Type 1) -Hyperinsulinemia (Type 2) -Nonketotic hyperosmolar state(Type 2) |
| Diagnosis of Diabetes | Testing is performed based on high risk criteria |
| Define Hypoglycemia | -Decreased plasma glucose levels -very sensitive -glucose levels of 50-55 mg/dL or lower manifest symptoms |
Created by:
nccrevier
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