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F/E imbalances
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Hypernatremia | Thirst Flushed, dry skin Sticky mucous membranes Orthostatic hypotension Agitation Low grade fever Altered cerebral functioning Hypotonic IV solutions |
Hyponatremia | Low sodium diet Increased GI motility- watery diarrhea Irritability, anxiety, confusion Muscle weakness, tremors Seizures Tachycardia Sodium Major cation in ECF Regulates body fluids Transmission/conduction of nerve impulses |
Hyperkalemia | Renal Failure Irritability Muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis Irregular heart rate, hypotension Tall peaked T waves, Wide QRS Kayexalate, diuretics, dialysis Level above 5.0 |
Hypokalemia | Loss due to diuretics, vomiting, Skeletal muscle weakness U- wave Constipation Toxicity of digitalis Irregular weak pulse Orthostatic hypotension Numbness, leg cramps |
Potassium | Transmission of electrical impulse In heart and muscles Affects cell use of insulin Primary intracellular cation |
Hypercalcemia | Bone loss, fractures, malignancies Prolonged immobilization Depressed deep tendon reflexes Polyuria, hypoactive bowel sounds Lethargy, weakness, confusion 3000 to 4000 cc fluid/day Increased intake- supplements or antacids |
Hypocalcemia | Inadequate Vitamin D intake Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes Positive Chvosteks sign Positive Trousseau sign Tetany Easy fatigue Anxiety, confusion |
Calcium | Provides rigidity/strength to bones and teeth Aids in muscle/cardiac contractility Participates in blood coagulation Parathyroid Hormone/ Calcitonin |
Hypermagnesemia | Loss of deep tendon reflexes Lethargy, drowsiness Bradycardia, hypotension Treatment: loop diuretics Avoid Milk of Magnesia Slow, shallow respirations |
Hypomagnesemia | Alcoholism Acute renal failure Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes Paralytic ileus Positive Chvosteks sign Positive Trousseau sign Eat: rolled oats, tuna, raisens, pork Peanut butter, chocolate |
Magnesium | Normal range: 1.3 – 2.1 mg/dL Contracts myocardium Levels are linked to albumin level Influences utilization of K+, Ca++ and PRO Aids in neuromuscular activity |