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Phlebotomy Summer
Phlebotomy Summer Course 2010
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the first vein of choice? | Median Cubital Vein |
| What is the second vein of choice? | Cephalic Vein |
| What is the third vein of choice? | Basilic Vein |
| What is near the Basilic Vein? | Brachial Artery and Median Nerve |
| What will a properly tied tourniquet do? | Allow Arterial blood to flow, and Venous blood to slow and pool. |
| How far above the site should the tourniquet be tied? | 3-4 inches |
| What does palpate mean? | To examine by touch |
| What is the bevel of a needle? | The opening of the needle, which should always be facing up. |
| What is the shaft of a needle? | This is the gauge of the needle. |
| What is the hub? | Where the needle threads into the adapter |
| What is the rubber sleeve? | This prevents blood from leaking when tubes are removed |
| What is the adapter? | Aids in the placement and removal of tubes |
| What is the Patient Bill of Rights? | Not a legal document, but an accepted statement of principle a patient must understand their rights. |
| What does HIPAA stand for? | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act |
| What are DRG's? | Diagnosis Related Groups, government decides payment of patient care regardless of length of stay |
| What are reference laboratories? | Large independent labs that have contracts with other facilities to preform both routine and highly specialized tests |
| What are ICD-9 codes? | International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Edition. What will be paid by insurance companies and Medicare depending on the diagnosis code provided by the doctor |
| What is the CDC and what do they do? | Center for Disease Control, responsible for tracing and preventing the spread of disease |
| What is OSHA and what do they do? | Occupational Safety and Health Administration, regulates workplace safety |
| Define infection | Occurs when a pathogen invades the body |
| Define Systemic Infection | Throughout the whole body |
| Define Local Infection | Restricted to a small area of the body |
| Define pathogen | The organism that causes the disease (bacteria, fungus, virus) |
| What is a Nosocomial Infection? | Infections that are contracted by a patient after admission to the hospital. |
| How many links make up the chain of infection? | Six |
| Define Causative Agent | It is a bacteria, fungus, virus or protozoa |
| Define Reservoir Host | Where the causative organism can survive |
| Define Exit Pathway | How the infection leaves their host |
| Define Means of Transmission | The method by which microorganisms can be transmitted from one hos to another |
| Define Entry Pathway | How the microorganism enters the susceptible host |
| Define Susceptible Host | A person with a compromised immune system |
| How many Means of Transmission are there? | Five |
| Define the two subcategories of Contact transmission | Direct- skin to skin and Indirect- exposing a susceptible host to a pathogen by the means of an inanimate object (fomite) |
| Which means of transmission can only travel less than 3 feet and cannot remain suspended in air? | Droplet Transmission |
| Which means of transmission are generated by talking, coughing, and sneezing, can travel more than 3 feet and remain suspended on dust particles? | Airborne Transmission |
| Which means of transmission carries causative agents through contaminated food, water, medications, and blood? | Vehicle Transmission |
| Which means of transmission carries infections through flies, fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, and rats? | Vector Transmission |
| What's the difference between TB disease and TB infection? | TB disease is active TB, while TB infection is when the bacteria is present but the carrier is not contagious |
| How do you break the chain of infection? | Washing your hands |
| Which vaccination is required by federal law to be available free of charge to all employees that have occupational risk? | Hepatitis B Vaccination |
| What are PPE's? | Personal Protective Equipment |
| What are the 5 types of Isolation? | Strict, contact, respiratory, blood and body fluids, and reverse or protective isolation |
| Define Universal Precautions | Designed to prevent the transmission of blood borne pathogens. All blood and most body fluids that contain blood are considered potentially infectious. Regardless of diagnosis all patients are considered potentially infectious |
| Define Body Substance Isolation | was designed for the body fluids UP did not cover, regardless if there was blood present or not, stated that hand washing after glove removal was not needed |
| Define Standard Precautions | Combine UP and BSI into a single set of precautions to be used for the care of all patients when coming into contact with body fluids regardless if there is blood present |
| Define Transmission Based Precautions | Used when a patient has a known or suspected infection |
| A Biologic Hazard is | an infectious agent |
| Any materials that are harmful to health are | Biohazards |
| Needles, lancets and broken glass all go into which category of objects that can cause blood borne infections? | Sharps |
| When a substance has a risk of causing a possible exposure to toxic, or carcinogenic substance it is a? | Chemical Hazard |
| Anything with electricity running through it is a potential? | Electrical Hazard |
| Bunsen burners, oxygen and chemicals can all be what type of hazard? | Fire or Explosive |
| Lifting incorrectly, bending and running are all examples of | Physical Hazards |
| What is the Needle Stick Safety and Prevention Act? | Any new equipment that is brought into the facility must be first used by the employees, and after a trial period employees will be asked about the equipment |
| What is a Class A fire? | Ordinary combustibles like wood, paper and cloth. |
| What is a Class B fire? | Flammable liquids like grease, gasoline, paints and oils. |
| What is a Class C fire? | Electrical equipment, motors and switches |
| What is a Class D fire? | Flammable metals |
| What does P.A.S.S. stand for? | Pull pin, Aim nozzle, Squeeze trigger, Sweep nozzle |
| What does R.A.C.E. stand for? | Rescue, Alarm, Confine, Extinguish |
| What are the principles involved in radiation safety? | Distance, Shielding, and Time |
| What is the OSHA HazCom Standard? | "The right to know law"meaning all dangerous chemicals must be labled |
| What is an MSDS? | Material Safety Data Sheets, contains information for all chemicals |
| Pale cold clammy skin, rapid weak pulse, increased shallow breathing, and expressionless face and staring eyes are symptoms of? | Shock |
| What are the 5 steps to providing first aid for shock? | 1. Maintain an open airway, 2. call for help, 3. Lie the victim down and elevate the feet, 4. Attempt to control bleeding or other cause of shock, 5. Keep the victim warm |
| Superior means | Upper |
| Inferior means | Below |
| Anterior means | Front or Ventral |
| Posterior means | back or dorsal |
| Medial means | toward the middle |
| Lateral means | toward the side |
| Proximal means | Towards the point of attachment |
| Distal means | Away from the point of attachment |
| Prone means | face down |
| Supine means | Face up |
| Frontal Plane divides the body into | front and back portions |
| Sagittal Plane divides the body into | right and left portions. Midsagittal is equal |
| Transverse Plane divides the body into | upper and lower portions |
| Dorsal cavity includes which 2 cavities? | Cranial (Brain) and Spinal (spinal cord) |
| The Ventral Cavity includes which 3 cavities? | Thoracic (lungs heart ribs) Abdominal (digestive system) and Pelvic (reproductive organs) |
| Define Metabolism | all the chemical reactions that happen within the body |
| Define Anabolism | create needed product |
| Define Catabolism | break down of products |
| Cells are? | The smallest living unit |
| A group of cells that have the same shape and function create a..? | Tissue |
| Two or more types of tissues that have the same shape and function create a..? | Organ |
| A group of organs that have the same functions create an..? | Organ system |
| What are the four (4) types of tissues? | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous |
| Every living organism is in a constant process of maintaining a "steady state" or balance. This is called | Homeostasis |
| The skeletal system consists of? | Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons |
| Ligaments connect.. | Bone to bone |
| Tendons connect.. | Muscle to bone |
| What are the 4 classifications of bones? | Flat bones, Irregular bones, Long bones and Short bones |
| Synovial joints contain.. | Synovial fluid |
| What is Gout and what test is used to check for it? | A metabolic disease caused by deposits of Uric Acid in the joints becoming full of crystals. Its a Uric Acid test, drawn in an SST and sent to Chemistry |
| What is Osteoporosis? | Imbalance between the breaking down of bone |
| What is Osteomyelitis? | Inflammation of the bone caused by bacterial infections |
| What is Alkaline Phosphatese (ALP) drawn in? | SST and sent to Chemistry |
| What is a Calcium (Ca) test drawn in? | SST and sent to Chemistry |
| What is a Phosphorus (P) test drawn in? | SST and sent to Chemistry |
| What is a Vitamin D test drawn in? | SST and sent to Chemistry |
| What are the three types of muscles? | Skeletal (Striated), Smooth (Non-striated), and Cardiac (lightly striated) |
| Which Muscles are under voluntary control, and which are involuntary | Voluntary- Skeletal Involuntary- Cardiac and Smooth |
| What is a Creatine Phosphokinase (CK/CPK) or CPK/CK Iso enzymes drwan in for STAT and routine tests? | STAT- Green and sent to Chemistry Routine- SST and sent to Chemistry |
| What is a Lactic acid drawn in and what are the special procedures? | Gray top tube, with NO tourniquet and NO fist, must be transported on ice to Chemistry |
| What is a Lactic Dehydrogenase (LD/LDH) drawn in? | SST and sent to Chemistry, STAT is Green |
| What is a Myoglobin test drawn in? | SST and sent to Chemistry |
| What is Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) (GOT) (SGOT) drawn in? | SST and sent to Chemistry STAT Green |
| What is a Creatine Kinase MB (CK-MB) drawn in? | SST and sent to Chemistry |
| What is Muscle Atrophy? | Decrease in size due to inactivity |
| What is Muscular dystrophy? | Genetic disease in which muscles waste away |
| What is the outermost layer of the Integumentry system? | Epidermis |
| What is the Stratum Corneum? | dead cells, outermost layer, where Keratin is produced |
| What is the Stratum Germinativum? | live cells, innermost layer of Epidermis, where melanin is produced |
| Which layer is also called the "true skin"? | Dermis |
| The dermis contains 2 glands, what are they and what do they produce? | Sebaceous gland- produces oil called sebum Sudoriferous gland- produces sweat |
| What is the Subcutaneous Layer? | Lies underneath the Dermis and is composed of Fat and loose connective tissue, and insulates deep tissue |
| What is Kaposis Sarcoma? | A form of skin cancer found in patients with AIDS. Characterized by numerous bluish red lesions on the skin |
| Define Acne | Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles |
| Define Impetigo | Staph or strep infection |
| What is Psoriasis? | Chronic skin condition of unknown origin characterized by clearly defined red patches of scaly skin |
| What does the Central Nervous System include? | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| What is the largest part of the brain? | Cerebrum |
| Which part of the brain plays an important part in motor control and in Latin also means "little brain"? | Cerebellum |
| Which is the brains link to the Endocrine System? | Hypothalamus |
| What connects the spinal cord to the brain and manages messages going between the brain and the rest of the body? | Brain Stem |
| What are Meninges? | Membranes that surround the Central Nervous System |
| What is the Pia Mater? | Inner layer of meninges, adheres to the surface of the brain |
| What is the Arachnoid Mater? | Middle layer of the meninges |
| What is the Dura Mater? | outermost layer of meninges that surrounds the skull |
| What does the Peripheral Nervous System consist of? | All the nerves that project from the brain and spinal cord |
| What are the 2 main nerves associated with the Peripheral Nervous System, and what do they do? | Motor- efferent nerves carry impulses from the CNS Sensory- afferent nerves carry impulses to the CNS |
| What is a Neuron? | Specialized cells that direct impulses |
| What is the brain of a cell? | Nucleus |
| What do the Dendrites do? | Carry impulses to the nucleus |
| What is the Axon? | A fiber optic highway that extends from the cell body, carrying impulses away from the cell body |
| What is the Myelin Sheath? | Protective layer over the Axon |
| What is a Synapse? | A small space separating the neurons from the next set of dendrites |
| What is epilepsy? | Seizure disorder |
| What is Meningitis? | Inflammation of the membranes of the spinal cord and brain |
| What is Multiple Sclerosis? | Disease that causes destruction of the Myelin Sheath |
| What is Shingles? | Adult onset Chicken Pox |
| What is a Dilantin test drawn in? | SST and sent to Toxicology |
| What is Seratonin drawn in? | SST and sent to Toxicology |
| What does a Cerebral Spinal Fluid test consist of? | CSF (not drawn by us) Glucose, Protein, cell count, and culture |
| What does the Endocrine System Produce? | Hormones |
| Which is the master gland that secretes hormones to stimulate other glands? | Pituitary Gland |
| Which hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete Cortisol? What tube and department? | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) SST to Chemistry |
| Which hormone stimulates the Kidneys to reabsorb water? What tube and department? | Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) SST to Chemistry |
| Which hormone stimulates the development of Ova and Sperm? What tube and department? | Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) SST to Chemistry |
| Which hormone stimulates growth? What tube and department? | Growth Hormone (GH) SST to Chemistry |
| Which hormone controls Thyroid Activity? What tube and department? | Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) SST to Chemistry |
| Which gland is located in the middle of the brain and calcifies after puberty? | Pineal Gland |
| Which hormone effects sleep and wake cycles? What tube and department? | Melatonin. SST to Chemistry |
| Which is the largest gland in the body? | Thyroid gland |
| Which hormone regulates calcium in the blood? What tube and department? | Calcitonin SST to Chemistry |
| Which hormone accelerates metabolic rate in the tissues? What tube and department? | Thyroxine (T4) SST to Chemistry |
| Which hormone maintains normal heart rate and development of bone and muscle tissue? What tube and department? | Triidothyronine (T3) SST to Chemistry |
| Which small glands are located posterior the Thyroid gland | Parathyroid glands |
| Which hormone regulates blood calcium levels, increases blood calcium levels, and regulates P metabolism? Which tube and department? | Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) SST to Chemistry |
| Which gland is active in immune response? | Thymus gland |
| Which hormone is active in the development of lymphocytes? What tube and department? | Thymosin Hormone SST to Chemistry |
| Which glands are located on top of each Kidney? | Adrenal glands |
| Which hormone is active in fight or flight response? Which tube and department? | Adrenal Medulla Hormone. SST to Chemistry |
| Which hormones are produced by the Adrenal Cortex? | Corticosteroid hormones and Androgens and estrogens |
| What is the name of the cluster of cells found within the Pancreas? | Islets of Langerhans |
| What does insulin do? | Needed for movement of glucose into the cells and decreases blood glucose levels |
| Which word means secreting too little? | Hyposecretion |
| Which word means secreting too much? | Hypersecretion |
| Which disorder is characterized by the over growth of hands, feet and face caused by excessive Growth Hormone in adult hood? | Acromegaly |
| Which form of diabetes causes increased thirst and urine production? | Diabetes Insipidus |
| Which disorder is characterized by swollen "moon shaped" face and redistribution of fat to abdomen and back of neck caused by excess Cortisone? | Cushing Syndrome |
| What is Diabetes Mallitis? What is the blood test called, and what is the tube and department? | Deficiency of Insulin. Hemoglobin A1C (Hgb A1C) Lavender to Chemistry |
| Name the six organs of the Gastrointestinal tract. | Mouth, Pharynx, Larynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines |
| What does the Liver do? | Manufactures bile, detoxifies harmful substances, stores vitamins, and makes Thrombin and Fibrinogen |
| What does the Gallbladder do? | Stores bile |
| What does the Pancreas do? | Secretes insulin, produces digestive enzymes; Amalayse, Lipase, and Trypsin |
| What is inflammation of the Gallbladder called? | Cholecytitis |
| What is inflammation of the stomach lining called? | Gastritis |
| Hepatitis means? | Inflammation of the liver |
| What is inflammation of the Pancreas called? | Pancreatitis |
| What is an occult blood test? | Blood in stool |
| Where is an Ova and Parasites test sent? | Microbiology section of Chemistry Department |
| What is the tube and department for an Ammonia test? | Green top to Chemistry. Don't forget to transport on ICE! |
| Which is the primary filtering organ of the Urinary system? | Kidneys |
| What is the main filtering unit of the Kidneys? | Nephrons |
| After the Nephrons, waste then travels to the _________________, inside this, the blood vessels get smaller and the tiny tufts of capillaries are called the ________ which make it possible to filter waste | Glomerular Capsule (Bowmans Capsule), Glomerulus |
| What do the Renal tubules do? | Where what is needed by the body gets absorbed back into the bloodstream |
| From the kidneys, urine travels down the _______ and into the ______ | Ureters, Bladder |
| The Urethra is..? | How urine leaves the body |
| What are Renal Calculi? | Kidney Stones |
| What is External Respiration? | The actual act of breathing and getting the needed oxygen to the tissue cells |
| What is Internal Respiration? | Exchange of gases between the tissue cells and the blood |
| Which is the main organ of your respiratory system? | Lungs |
| What is the glottis and epiglottis? | Glottis is the slit in the larynx; Epiglottis is the flap of skin that covers the larynx during swallowing |
| Which structure of the respiratory system splits into smaller tubes which extend to each lung? | Trachea |
| What are the Bronchi? | Two man branches if the Trachea that go into the lungs |
| What are the smaller divisions of the Bronchi called? | Bronchioles |
| What is the name of the hollow sacs at the end of the Bronchioles where gas exchange takes place? | Alveoli |
| What is the partial pressure of oxygen? | How high hemoglobin is in the lungs, and how low carbon dioxide is in the lungs |
| What is the Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide? | how low hemoglobin is in the lungs |
| What is Apnea | A temporary cessation of breathing |
| What is Asthma? | difficulty breathing accompanied by wheezing, caused by spasm or swelling in bronchioles |
| What is Emphysema? | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| What is Hypoxia? | Deficiency of oxygen |
| What is Pulmonary Edema? | Accumulation of fluid in the lungs |
| What is the Endocardium? | Inner layer of the heart |
| What is the Myocardium? | Middle layer of the heart |
| What is the Epicardium? | Outer layer of heart where Coronary arteries are located. |
| What do the coronary arteries do? | Supply the heart with oxygenated blood |
| What is the sac that holds the Heart in place? | Pericardium |
| What does the Right Atrium do? | Receives deoxygenated blood from the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava |
| After the right atrium the deoxygenated blood flows through the..? | Tricuspid (Atrioventricular) Valve |
| After the Tricuspid (AV) valve, the deoxygenated blood moves to the..? | Right Ventricle. |
| from the R Ventricle, the deoxygenated blood moves through the _____ and into the ______. | Pulmonary valve, Pulmonary artery |
| The pulmonary artery brings the deoxygenated blood where? And what happens there? | Lungs. The exchange of gases occurs. Blood becomes oxygenated, and leaves Carbon Dioxide |
| The Oxygenated blood enters the ______ through the ________ | Left Atrium, Pulmonary Veins |
| From the L Atrium, the oxygenated blood moves through the ______ and into the ______ | Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve, Left Ventricle |
| From the L Ventricle, the oxygenated blood moves through the _____ and into the _____ | Aortic Valve, Aorta |
| From the Aorta, blood then goes where? | To the rest of the body |
| The Pulmonary Artery is the only artery that transports what? | deoxygenated blood |
| The Pulmonary Veins are the only veins in the body that transports what? | Oxygenated blood |
| Which is the biggest artery in the body? | Aorta |
| Which is the largest vein in the body? | Superior/Inferior Vena Cava |
| Define Systole | Ventricular Contraction, Atria are filling with blood and blood is being forced into the pulmonic and aortic valves. BP is higher, and is top number on BP |
| Define Diastole | Ventricular relaxation. Ventricles fill with blood, BP is at its lowest and is the bottom number on a BP |
| What is the Sinoatrial Node? (SA Node) | Body's pacemaker, located in the right atrium, and starts the electrical impulse that spreads throughout the heart and will eventually cause ventricles to contract |
| After the SA Node, the impulses are then picked up by.? | The Atrioventricular (AV) node |
| After the AV Node, the Impulse travels to the ___________ and then to the little bundle of fibers that branch off that called the ___________ | Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibers |
| Both the Bundle of His and the purkinje Fibers are located where? | They curve around up towards the Ventricles |
| What is a Myocardial Infarction? | Heart attack |
| Why do arteries have thick walls? | To withstand the pressure from the contraction of the ventricles |
| Which artery is used to measure a Blood Pressure? | Brachial |
| Which artery is used to find a pulse? | Radial |
| What are arteries that join with capillaries called? | Arterioles |
| Veins transport what? | Deoxygenated blood |
| What is the longest vein in the body? | Great Saphenous, from the groin to the lower leg |
| When a capillary joins to a vein it is called? | Venules |
| What do the capillaries do? | Where the exchange of gases and nutrients take place. |
| How thin are capillaries? | only 1 cell thick |
| What is the Tunica Adventitia or Tunica Externa? | The outer layer of a vessel |
| What is the middle layer of a vessel called? | Tunica media |
| What is the Tunica intima? | The inner layer of a vessel |
| The difference between arteries and veins is | Veins have valves to keep the blood flowing in one direction and Arteries do not |
| What is an Embolism? | obstruction by a clot |
| What is an Embolus | A circulating clot |
| What percent of blood are the formed elements? | 45% |
| What percent of the blood is the plasma and what does it contain? | 55% 7% proteins, 91% water, and 2% other solutes |
| What is an Erythrocyte? | A Red Blood Cell (RBC) |
| What is an Erythrocytes primary function? | Transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the bod, and remove carbon dioxide |
| Immature RBC's are called _______ and contain a _______ | Reticulocyte, nucleus |
| Which type of formed element is the most numerous of the formed elements? | Red Blood Cells |
| What does hemoglobin do? | a protien that gives the RBC's their color, and carries the oxygen |
| What is a Leukocyte? | A White Blood Cell (WBC) |
| Which type of WBC is the most numerous type that numbers increase during bacterial infections? | Neutrophils |
| There are 2 types of Lymphocytes, what are they and what do they do? | B-Cell- produces antibodies, T-Cell- fighter cells that attack infected cells |
| Which is the largest of the WBC's and numbers increase during chronic infections | Monocytes |
| Which WBC's numbers increase during allergies? | Eosinophils |
| Which WBC's numbers increase during allergic reactions and inflammatory reactions? | Basophils |
| Another name for platelets is..? | Thrombocytes |
| What do the Thrombocytes do? | Clotting cells |
| For a person with Type A blood, which antigen and which antibodies does it contain and where? | RBC has the A antigen, plasma contains the anti-b antibody |
| For a person with Type B blood, which antigen and which antibodies does it contain and where? | RBC has the B antigen, plasma contains the anti-a antibody |
| For a person with Type AB blood, which antigen and which antibodies does it contain and where? | RBC has both A and B antigens, plasma has neither A nor B antibodies |
| For a person with Type O blood, which antigen and which antibodies does it contain and where? | RBC has no antigens, plasma contains both A and B antibodies |
| Which blood type is the universal donor? | Type O |
| Which blood type is the universal receiver? | Type AB |
| What does the D-Antigen determine? | the Rh factor |
| Where do you find serum? | Its the liquid portion of a clotted specimen |
| Where do you find plasma | It is the liquid portion of whole blood |
| Which disorder is characterized by abnormal reduction in the number of RBC's in the circulating blood? | Anemia |
| What is Polycythemia? | An abnormal increase in RBC's |
| What is Thrombocytopenia? | a decreased number of platelets |
| Define Hemostasis | the controlling of blood |
| The first stage of hemostasis is Primary Hemostasis, what happens here? | Vasoconstriction, the damaged vessel will constrict or narrow to slow the flow of blood |
| Stage 2 of hemostasis is called platelet plug formation, what happens here? | When a vessel is damaged, platelets become activated and release a chemical that causes aggregation, then platelets stick together and adhere to the injured area |
| Stage 3 of hemostasis is called Secondary hemostasis (Fibron clot formation) What happens here? | Clots are formed from a protein called Fibrin, fibrin then turns to fibrinogen, from the enzyme thrombin, also needed is calcium, which acts as a glue to hold the fibrin to eachother and form a loose mesh work. This stabilized mesh will trap RBC's |
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