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a&p chap 6 skeletal
a&p chap 6 skeletal system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of the Skeletal System | SupportProtectionAttachment sites for skeletal musclesBlood cell productionMineral storage |
| Bone Structure | Bones are composed of different tissue types but the bulk consists of bone tissue |
| There are four types of bone based on shape | Long bonesShort bonesFlat bonesIrregular bones |
| Structure of a long bone | EpiphysisArticular cartilageDiaphysisMedullary cavityEndosteum Epiphyseal linePeriosteum |
| Spongy bone | Interior of small bones, skull bones, and epiphysesConsists of trabeculae and spaces filled with red bone marrowReduces bone weight without reducing strengthLack osteonsReceive nutrients by diffusion through canaliculi |
| Microscopic structure | Bone cells lie inside lacunae |
| Compact bone | OsteonsOsteonic canalsLamellaeForamenCanaliculi |
| There are two types of bone formation (which is also known as ossification) | Endochondral – begins from cartilage, method used to make long bonesIntramembraneous – begins from connective tissue membranes, method used to make flat bones |
| For both types of bone formation | Primitive connective tissue cells become osteoblastsOsteoblasts deposit bone matrix around themOnce trapped in matrix, osteoblasts become osteocytesNot all osteoblasts get trapped and become osteocytes, some remain mobile |
| Intramembranous ossification | Forms most skull bones |
| Steps of Inramembranous ossification | Connective tissue membranes form at sites of future intramembranous bonesSome cells become osteoblastsOsteoblasts deposit spongy bone beginning at center of boneOsteoblasts form layer of compact bone atop the spongy bone |
| Osteoclast | used to remove bone matrix |
| Osteoblast | used to reform new bone matrix |
| Endochondral ossification | Forms most bones of the bodyExample: long bones |
| Steps involved in endochondral ossification | Start with hyaline cartilage “model”Primary ossification center forms in center of cartilage Periosteal osteoblasts form a compact bone collar around primary ossification centerCartilage in the primary center calcifies and chondrocytes die |
| Endochondral ossification steps cont. | Blood vessels and nerves invade bone and bring osteoblasts with themOsteoblasts form spongy bone at the primary ossification centerSecondary ossification center forms in the epiphysesOsteoclasts remove the spongy bone and form the medullary cavity |
| Bone Growth in diameter | due to formation of compact bone beneath the periosteum |
| Bone growth in length | takes place at the epiphyseal diskCartilage grows on the epiphyseal sideCartilage is converted into bone on the diaphysis sidecontinues until age 25Epiphyseal disk is completely replaced by boneEpiphyseal line is all that remains |
| Homeostasis of bone | Bone is continually remodeled due to activity of osteoclasts and osteoblastsRemodeling can be affected byPhysical activityDietary calcium intakeAge |
| Axial skeleton | Bones along the longitudinal axis of the body |
| Appendicular skeleton | Pectoral girdle and upper extremitiesPelvic girdle and lower extremities |
| Cranial Bones | Frontal boneParietal bonesOccipital bonesTemporal bonesSphenoid boneEthmoid boneNasal conchae |
| Facial Bones | MaxillaePalatine bonesZygomatic bonesLacrimal bonesNasal bonesVomerInferior nasal conchaeMandible |
| The infant skull | Newborn skull is incompletely developedPossess fontanelsNon-ossified areas Allow for flexibility during birth and growth afterwards |
| Hyoid bone | Found in anterior portion of neck, inferior to mandibleDoes not articulate with any other bonesUsed as attachment site for tongue muscles |
| Vertebral column | Extends from skull to pelvisFlexible and sturdy longitudinal support for trunkFormed by 24 movable vertebrae, a sacrum, and a coccyxPossess intervertebral discsPossess four distinct curvatures |
| Structure of a vertebra | All vertebrae have common featuresVertebral foramenSpinous processTransverse processSuperior and inferior articulating processes and facets |
| Cervical vertebrae | Support neckPossess unique transverse foramen |
| Specialized Cervical Vertebrae | Atlas and Axis |
| Sacrum | Five fused sacral bonesForms posterior wall of pelvic girdle |
| Coccyx | Tailbone, most inferior bone of spineThree to five fused rudimentary vertebrae |
| Thoracic cage | Composed ofThoracic vertebraeRibsCostal cartilagesSternumFunctionsProtection of internal organsSupport of upper body |
| True Ribs | articulate posteriorly with the vertebrae and anteriorly with a costal cartilage that directly connects to the sternum |
| False Ribs | articulate posteriorly with the vertebrae and anteriorly with the costal cartilage of the rib superior to it |
| Floating Ribs | articulate posteriorly with the vertebrae and anteriorly with nothing |
| Pectoral girdle | Composed ofTwo clavicles (collar bones)Two scapula (shoulder blades |
| Clavicle | Articulates with sternum and scapula |
| Scapula | Located on each side of vertebral columnHeld in place by muscles to allow free shoulder movement |
| Humerus | Articulates with scapula at the shoulder and ulna and radius at the elbow |
| Ulna | Medial bone in forearm (“pinky side”Bone does not move with hand rotation |
| Radius | Lateral bone in the forearmBone that rotates when the hand is rotated (thumb side) |
| Carpals | Wrist bones |
| Metacarpals | Bones of the palm of the hand |
| Phalanges | Bones of the fingers |
| Pelvic girdle | Consists ofTwo coxal bones (don’t confuse these with coccyx which is the tail bone)SacrumForms a rigid, bony pelvis |
| Coxal bones | Formed by three fused bonesIliumIschiumPubisAttachment site for the legsSymphysis pubis |
| Femur | Thigh boneLargest and strongest bone in the body |
| Patella | KneecapHeart shaped bone in tendon that extends anterior to knee |
| Tibia | ShinboneLarger of the lower leg bonesBears body weight |
| Fibula | Slender, lateral bone in lower leg |
| Tarsals | Ankle bones |
| Metatarsals | Bones of the instep |
| Phalanges lower extremities | Toe bones |
| articulation | is a joint or junction between two bonesJoints allow for varying degrees of movement |
| Three categories of joints | Synarthrotic (Immovable)Amphiarthrotic (Slightly movable)Diarthrotic (Freely movable) |
| Synarthrosis (no movement) | fibrous connective tissue grows between articulating bones; for example, sutures of skull |
| Amphiarthrosis (slight movement) | cartilage connects articulating bones; for example, symphysis pubis |
| Diarthrotic (freely movable joints) | Joints are freely movableStructurally more complexSeveral types of freely movable joints |
| Types of freely movable joints | ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding, and condyloid |
| Gliding joints | Involve sliding of bones across each otherExample: carpal and tarsal bones |
| Condyloid joints | Allow movement from side to side and back and forthExample: between carpals and bones of forearm |
| Hinge joints | Allow movement in one direction onlyExample: knee and elbow joints |
| Saddle joints | Ends of each bone are saddle shapedMovement is side to side and back and forthExample: joint between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb |
| Pivot joints | Allow rotational movementExample: atlas on the axis |
| Ball-and-Socket joints | A rounded head of one bone fits into a concavity on another boneMovement may be rotational or in any planeExample: hip and shoulder joint |
| Movements of Joints | Movement is caused by contraction of muscles that span the joint-Movement depends upon joint type and location of muscle(s) involved |
| Supination | hand position with the palm turned to the anterior position |
| Pronation | palm faces posteriorly |
| Dorsiflexion (foot movements) | elevation of the dorsum or top of the foot; |
| Plantar Flexion (foot movements) | the bottom of the foot is directed downward |
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