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Vitamins
from Merck
| Nutrient | Principal Sources | Functions | Deficiency & Toxicity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Riboflavin (B2) | Milk, cheese, liver, meat, eggs, enriched cereal products | Many aspects of carbohydrate/protein metabolism; Integrity of mucous membranes | Xu: Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, corneal vascularization |
| Thiamin (B1) | Whole grains, meat (esp pork, liver), enriched cereal products, nuts, legumes, potatoes | Carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucose & alcohol metabolism; Central and peripheral cell function; Myocardial function | Xu: Beriberi (peripheral neuropathy, heart failure); Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
| Vitamin A (retinol) | Fish liver oils, liver, egg yolks, butter, fortified dairy prods, dark green & yellow veggies, carrots, yellow & orange fruits | Formation of rhodopsin; Integrity of epithelia; Lysosome stability; Glycoprotein synthesis | Xu: Night blindness, perifollicular hyperkeratosis, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, increased morbidity/mortality in kids. TOX: H/A, peeling of skin, hepatosplenomegaly, bone thickening, intercranial hypertension, papilledema |
| Vitamin B6 group (pyridoxine) | Organ meats, whole-grain cereals, fish, legumes | Nitrogen metabolism; Nucleic acid biosynthesis; Fatty acid, lipid & amino acid metabolism | Xu: Seizures, anemia, neuropathies, seborrheic dermatitis TOX: Peripheral neuropathy |
| Vitamin B12 | Meats (esp beef, pork, organ), poultry, eggs, fortified cereals, milk prods | Maturation of RBCs; Neural function; DNA synthesis; Myelin synthesis & repair | Xu: Megaloblastic anemia; neurologic deficits (confusion, paresthesias, ataxia) |
| Vitamin C | Citrus, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, strawberries, sweet peppers | Collagen formation; Bone & blood vessel health; Carnitine, hormone & amino acid formation; Wound healing | Xu: Scurvy (hemorrhages, loose teeth, gingivitis, bone defects) |
| Vitamin D | Direct ultraviolet B irradiation of skin (main source), fortified dairy, fish liver oils, fatty fish, liver | Ca & P absorption; Mineralization & repair of bone; Tubular reabsorp of Ca; Insulin & thyroid funct, improves immune funct, reduces autoimmune disease | Xu: Rickets (sometimes w/tetany), osteomalacia TOX: Hypercalcemia, anorexia, renal failure, metastatic calcification |
| Vitamin E | Vegetable oils, nuts, legumes | Intracellular antioxidant; Scavenger of free radicals in biologic membranes | Xu: RBC hemolysis, neurologic deficits TOX: Tendency to bleed |
| Vitamin K | Green leafy veggies, soy beans, vegetable oils, bacteria in GI tract after neonatal period | Formation of prothrombin, other coagulation factors & bone proteins | Xu: Bleeding d/t deficiency of prothrombin, osteopenia |
| Folate (folic acid) | Fresh green, leafy veggies, fruits, organ meats, enriched bread/cereals | Maturation of RBC; Synthesis of purines, pyrimidines & methionine; Development of fetal nervous system | Xu: Megaloblastic anemia; neural tube birth defects; mental confusion |
| Niacin | Liver, red meat, fish, poultry, legumes, whole grain or enriched bread/cereals | Oxidation-reduction reactions; Carbohydrate & cell metabolism | Xu: Pellagra (dermatitis, glossitis, GI & CNS dysfunction) TOX: Flushing |
Created by:
c-rex
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