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Eur Enlightenment
The Enlightenment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All truths must be arrived at through logical, critical thinking, and none should be accepted on faith or authority alone | Rationalism |
| His political theories were significant for the Glorious Revolution; argued that the human mind was a blank slate and weren't born with preconceived ideas; his tabula rasa theory had a huge impact on education and child-rearing practices | John Locke |
| Group of intellectuals, mostly French, who felt they were bringing the light of reason and knowledge to the world | Philosophes |
| Theory that the human mind at birth was a blank slate without preconceived ideas and is formed by society; meant that children could be taught and can learn from experience so that they can be turned to good or to evil | Tabula Rasa |
| Writer who compiled the Encyclopedia | Denis Diderot |
| Wrote a dialogue between two imagined Persian travelers to satirize French society and argued in his Spirit of Laws that a balance of power among three branches of government would protect against government tyranny | Baron de Montesquieu |
| Most famous French philosophe who praised both Newton and Louis XIV; lacked faith in the ability of commoners to govern themselves and hoped for enlightened monarchs who would do so; criticized the Catholic Church for its fanaticism and bigotry | Voltaire |
| Companion of Voltaire who translated Isaac Newton into French | Madame du Châtelet |
| Religious philosophy that God created the world and gave man reason to understand it, but isn't involved directly in human affairs | Deism |
| In his "System of Nature" he argued that human beings were machines completely determined by outside forces and that free will, God, and immortality were foolish myths | Baron d'Holbach |
| Scottish philosopher who argued that the human mind is a bundle of impressions that originate in sense experiences; reason can't tell us anything that cannot be verified by sense experience | David Hume |
| Enlightenment writer who believed mankind was achieving progress and would achieve perfection; committed suicide during the Revolution without, alas, achieving that final stage of progress | Marquis de Condorcet |
| Philosopher who argued for the primacy of emotion over reason and for small states governed by the general will; attacked rationalism; believed that children had to be protected from the refinements of civilization | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| German moral philosopher who argued for freedom of the press and obedience to law, however unjust. Wrote "Critique of Pure Reason" and "Metaphysics of Ethics," believed that humans possess an innate morality - the categorical imperative | Immanuel Kant |
| Social gatherings, often organized by wealthy women, where men and women could meet and discuss ideas of philosophes | Salons |
| Ruler of Prussia who launched the War of the Austrian Succession and involved Prussia in the Seven Years' War and participated in the partition of Poland; Domestically, a reformer, encouraging agriculture, industry, and literature | Frederick II (the Great) |
| Archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary and Bohemia; reformed Austrian finances and the military and encouraged trade; Lost Silesia to Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession | Maria Theresa |
| King of France whose kingdom was administered by the Duke of Orleans as regent. During his reign, France fought several expensive wars, culminating in spiraling debt and military disaster at the end of the Seven Years War | Louis XV |
| Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of Austria 1780-1790; pursued a series of reforms including an Edict of Toleration; dissolved the contemplative monasteries to endow hospitals; freed the serfs, but died young and his brother undid some reforms | Joseph II |
| Leader of Russia who embraced reform early in her reign, but then strengthened the power of landowners over their serfs; fancied herself an enlightened monarch; expanded Russia's frontiers | Catherine the Great |
| Peasant revolt in 1773-1774 that ended Catherine the Great's intentions to reduce the burdens of serfdom | Pugachev's Rebellion |
| Economic thinkers in 18th c. France who developed the first complete system of economics; argued for the primacy of agriculture in economics | Physiocrats |
| Scottish moral philosopher; argued against strict government control of the economy; argued that individuals should be left to pursue their own economic gain and society would benefit | Adam Smith |
| Practice of leaving one-half or one-third of fields unplanted every year | fallow system |
| Increasing productivity by farmers changing what they planted in each field every year | crop rotation |
| Policy of landowners to create larger fields and fence them in thus denying small farmers the common land to graze their animals; Allowed landowners to experiment with new methods and new crops; very controversial, common in England | Enclosure movement |
| Nobleman who argued for planting turnips to enrich the soil | Charles Townshend |
| Agricultural innovator who invented a seed drill and advocated using horses instead of oxen to pull plows | Jethro Tull |
| System whereby rural workers did piece work at home for a capitalist who paid them; helped capitalists break the power of the guilds | cottage industry |
| Economic theory that asserted that government involvement in the economy was necessary to augment the amount of gold in the country by decreasing imports and increasing exports | Mercantilism |
Created by:
betsynewmark