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BR-Blood & Histo
5/31/06
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hematopoietic Stem Cells differentiate into 5 Precursor Lineages, what are they? | Proerythroblast, Lymphoblast, Myeloblast, Monoblast, Megakaryoblast |
| A proerythroblast forms what 2 important cells in it's differentiation pathway? | Reticulocytes and Mature Erythrocytes |
| Lymphoblasts can form two different lineages... | B cell --> Plasma cell AND T cell --> active T cell |
| Myeloblasts can choose one of three different fates... | neutrophil, eosinophil or basophil |
| What are the stages that myeloblasts go through? | promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, stab cells....then either neutrophil, eosinophil or basophil |
| Monoblasts become... | monocytes |
| Megakaryoblasts become | megakaryocytes and then platelets |
| Mature RBCs have large suface area:volume ratios for easy gas exchange; their metabolism is... | 90% of glucose is anaerobically degrated to lactate; 10% by HMP shunt |
| How long do RBCs live? | 120 days |
| What is the RBC "physiologic chloride shift?" | its membrane has a chloride-bicarbonate antiport that permits CO2 transport from the periphery to the lungs for elimination |
| What can erythrocytosis cause? | polycythemia...an increased # of RBCs |
| Anisocytosis means... | varying sizes of cells |
| Poikilocytosis means... | varying shapes of cells |
| A Reticulocyte is a... | baby erythrocyte |
| What is the normal level of WBCs? | 4,000 - 10,000 per microliter |
| Basophils | mediate allergic rxns; <1%; Bilobe nucleus; Dense basophilic granules w/Heparin, Histamine, and other vasoactive amines; found in blood |
| Mast cells | Mediates allergic rxn; Degranulation releases Histamine, Heparin, and Eosinophil Chemotactic Release factors; Binds IgE; Resemble basophils, but are found in tissues |
| What drug prevents mast cell degranulation? | Cromolyn Sodium...used in asthma |
| Eosinophils; respond to the NAACP | Bilobe nucleus; uniform granules; Produces Histaminase and Arylsulfatase; Responds to Neoplasm, Asthma, Allergies, Collagen vascular dz, Parasites |
| Neutrophils are part of the | Acute Inflammatory response; 40-70% of WBCs; Phagocytic; Multilobed nucleus; Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin |
| When do you see Hypersegmented Neutrophils? | Vitamin B12 and Folate deficiency |
| Monocytes | kidney shaped nucleus; 2-10% of WBCs; Large cells; "Frosted glass" cytoplasm; Differentiates into MQs in Tissue |
| Lymphocyte | small, round, dense nuclus; little cytoplasm; B lymphos produce Abs, T lymphos manifest cellular immune response ans regulate B cells and MQs |
| B lymphocyte | humoral; matures in bone marrow from stem cells; Migrates to peripheral lymphoid tissue (follicles of nodes, white pulp of spleen, unencapsulated lymph tissue); Differentiate into plasma cell via Ag encountre; produce Ab; Has memory; APC fxn w/MHC II |
| Plasma cell | off-centered nucleus; clock-face chromatin distribution; abundant RER and well-developed Golgi; Ab producing machines |
| Multiple myeloma is a neoplasm of... | plasma cells |
| What stain diagnoses ALL? | PAS stain |
| What stain diagnoses AML? | Specific esterase stain |
| What stain diagnoses CML? | LAP score; t(9;22), bcr:abl |
| What stain diagnoses Monocytic leukemia? | non-specific esterase stain |
| What stain diagnoses Hairy Cell Leukemia? | TRAP stain (B cells) |
| T lymphocytes | mediate cellular immune response; originates from bone marrow stem cells, BUT matures in the THYMUS; MHC I CD8 cells and MHC II CD4 cells (each multiplies to 8); suppressor Tcells, delayed hypersensitivity T cells |
| Macrophages | phagocytize bacteria, cell debris, and senescent RBCs and scavenges damaged cells/tissues; Long life in tissues; They arise from circulating blood monocytes; Activated by gamma-interferon; Fxn as APC via MHC II |
| Dendritic cells | professional APCs; express MHC II and Fc receptor on surface; these are the main inducers of 1* antibody response!; "Langerhans' cells" on the skin |
| Microglia | CNS phagocytes; mesodermal origin; small irregular nuclei & little cytoplasm; in response to tissue damage they transform into Large Phagocytic Cells; not seen in Nissl stains |
| What does HIV infection do to Microglia of the brain? | they fuse into Multinucleated Giant Cells in the CNS |
| Oligodendroglia | function to myelinate multiple CNS axons; In Nissl stains, they have small nuclei w/dark chromatin and little cytoplasm; Predominant type of glial cell in white matter |
| What type of cell is targeted and destroyed by Multiple Sclerosis? | Oligodendrocytes |
| Schwann cells | each function to myelinate ONE PNS axon; they promote axonal regeneration |
| Acoustic neuroma (internal acoustic meatus, CN VII, VIII) is what type of tumor? | Schwannoma |
| Endoneurium | invests a single nerve fiber |
| Perineurium | surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers; this is the permeability barrier |
| Epineurium | surrounds an entire nerve including fascicles and blood vessels; this is dense connective tissue |
| During microsurgery for limb repair, what needs to be rejoined? | the perineurium the permeability barrier |
| Meissner's corpuscles | SMALL, encapsulated sensory receptors found in the dermis of palms, soles and digits of skin; Light, discriminatory touch of glabrous (hairless) skin |
| Pacinian corpuscles | LARGE, encapsulated sensory receptors found in deeper layers of skin at LIGAMENTS, Joint Capsules, Serous Membranes, Mesenteries; PRESSURE, COARSE TOUCH, VIBRATION, TENSION |
| Merkel's Corpuscles | Tactile discs; Mediate Light CRUDE Touch |
| Bony Labyrinth of the Inner Ear is filled with... | Perilymph (Na+ rich: similar to ECF), and contains the Cochlea (hearing), Vestibule (linear acceleration) |
| The Membranous Labrynith is filled with... | Endolymph (K+ rich, similar to ICF) and contains the Cochlear Duct, Utricle, Saccule, and Semicircular Canals; |
| Hair cells are the sensory elements in... | both the Cochlear and Vestibular Apparatus |
| The base of the cochlea picks up what kind of frequency? | High frequency |
| The Apex of the cochlea picks up what kind of frequency? | Low frequency |
| "Peri" lymph...think outside cell | similar to ECF; Na+ rich |
| "Endo"lymph...think inside the cell... | similar to ICF; K+ rich |
| What makes endolymph? | the Stria vascularis |
| Angular acceleration is sensed by.... | the Ampullae in the Semicircular canals |
| Hearing loss in the elderly occurs in what order? | High frequency first, then low frequency |
| How can you remember the layers of the epidermis? | Californians Like Girls in String Bikinis |
| From surface to base, the epidermal layers are: | Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basalis |
| Zona Occludens/Tight Junction of Epithelial Cells | prevents diffusion across intracellular spaces |
| Zona Adherens/Intermediate Junction of Epithelial Cells | make of E-cadherin and Actin filaments; Surrounds perimeter just below the Zona Occludens |
| Macula Adherens/Desmosome of Epithelial Cells | made of Keratin and Desmoplakin; small, discrete sites of attachment |
| Gap Junctions | connections between epithelial cells that allow adjacent cells to communicate for electric and metabolic functions |
| Integrin | maintains the integrity of the epithelial basement membrane |
| Hemisesomsome | connects epithelial cells to underlying ECM |
| Glomerular Basement Membrane is formed from... | fused endothelial and podocyte basement membranes and coated with negatively charged Heparin Sulfate; Responsible for actual filtration of plasma according to net charge and size |
| What happens to the glomerular basement membrane in Nephrotic syndrome? | it loses its negative charge; this allows plasma protein to be lost in the urine as a consequence |
| What is the important Cilia Protein? | Dynein; an ATPase that links peripheral 9 doublets and causes bending of cilium by differential sliding of doublets |
| What is the disease caused by a defective Dyenin arm? | Kartagener's syndrome; immotile cilia cause increased respiratory infections and infertility |
| Dynein versus Kinesin cilia motion... | Retrograde versus Anterograde |
| Drugs that act on microtubules (5): | 1. Mebendazole/thiabendazole (antihelminthic), 2. Taxol (anti-breast cancer), 3. Griseofulvin (antifungal), 4. Vincristine/vinblastine (anti-cancer), 5. Colchicine (anti-gout) |
| Microtubules | cylindrical helical array of polymerized dimers if a and b tubulin (each w/2 GTP); Incorpoated into flagella, cilia, & mitotic spindles; grows slow, collapses quickly; involved in slow axoplasmic transport in neurons too |
| Nissl Bodies are... | RER in neurons; not found in axon or axon hillock; they synthesize enzymes and peptide NTs |
| Functions of the Golgi Apparatus | distributes ptns/lipids from ER to membrane, lysosomes & secretory vesicles; Modifies N-oligosacchs on Asp & O- on Serine/Threonine; Proteoglycan assembly; Sulfation of sugars (proteoglycans) and Tyrosine (ptns); Adds mannose-6-P to lysosomal ptns |
| I-Cell Disease is caused by the failure of the Golgi to... | add Mannose-6-P to lysosome ptns, causing these enzymes to be secreted outside the cell instead of being targeted to the lysosome; Characterized by coarse facial features and restricted joint movement |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is the site for.. | the synthesis of secretory (exported) proteins and of N-linked oligosaccharide addition to many ptns |
| Which cell types are rich in RER? | mucus-secreting Goblet cells of Small Intestine and Antibody-secreting Plasma Cells |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is the site for... | steroid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons |
| Which cell types are rich in SER? | Liver hepatocytes and steroid hormone-producing cells of adrenal cortex |
| Sinusoids of the spleen are... | long vascular channels in red pulp with a fenestrated "barrel hoop" basement membrane; Macrophages are found nearby |
| T cells in the spleen are found in... | the central periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) and in the Red Pulp (outer layer) |
| B cells in the spleen are found in... | follicles/germinal centers within the White Pulp (middle layer) |
| Lymph Nodes are... | 2* lymphoid organs with many afferents and 1 or more efferents; encapsulated with trabeculae; fxns are nonspecific filtration by MQs, storage/proliferation of B and T cells and antibody production |
| Follicle of Lymph Node is the site for... | B-cell localization and proliferation; outer cortex; 1* follicles are dense/dormant; 2* follicles have pale central germinal centers and are active |
| What type of B cell follicle is active? | 2*; they have pale germinal centers |
| Lymph Node Medulla consists of... | medullary cords (closely packed lymphocytes and plasma cells) and medullary sinuses; |
| What is a medullary sinus? | it communicates with efferent lymphatics and contains reticular cells and macrophages |
| Lymph Node Paracortex houses... | T cells; it is the region of the cortex btw follicles and medulla; it contains high endothelial venules thru which B and T cells enter the blood |
| What happens to the lymph node Paracortex in extreme cellular immune response (ex: viral)? | it becomes greatly enlarged |
| What part of the lymph node is not well developed in DiGeorge patients? | The paracortex, which houses T cells |
Created by:
bscaryp