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2nd line of defence
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 main categries | phagocytosis. inflammation. fever. defensive moluecules |
| phagocytes | white blood cells (leukocytes) that move throughout the tissue. no fixed shape, can squeeze thru tissue spaces, consume pathoogens, alert other immune cells thru cytokines |
| types of phagocytes | neutrophils - circulate thru the blood macrophages - reside in tissue dendritic cell |
| how do phagocytes work | engluf pathogens via endocytosis, then destryed by enzyme action macroophagees/monocytes are large phagocytic cells that engluf & destroy microbes, cell debris & dying cells. important activate lymphocyte - apcs |
| neutrophil role in inflammation | - first to move to tissue to destroy pathogen phagocytosis - chemically attracted to the area very important in killing pathogens inside cells |
| dendritic cells | highly spcialised to take up pathoogens at infection site & transfer to lymph organs to present antigen to t lymphocytes dedicated apcs |
| inflammation symptoms | redness, swelling, pain & heat |
| mast cells | least abundant & smallest WBC found in tissue nuclus is u/s shaped few coarse granules - contain histamine & heparin |
| 2 initiating inflammation | - mast cells detect damaged tissue and secret histamines - histamines increase capillary permeability - increase blood flow to the area - also release heparin - reduces clotting in underlying tissue to enhance blood flow |
| 3 phagocytosis - swelling | phagocytes (neutrophils) attracted to area enter damaged tissue thru spaces in capillary wall phagocytes & macrophages consume pathogens fluid also leaks causing swelling |
| 4 chemical signaling | phagocytes and other cells secrete cytokines these speed up tissue repair |
| cytokine | protein that signal local immune responses. 1 specific form is interferons - released by infected cell(virus) increase resistance of surrounding cells |
| clotting & repair | platelets secrete proteins that aid in clotting at wound site |
| redness | caused by increased blood flow due to vasodilation blood flow slows at wound site |
| swelling | fluid from blood leaks out of capillaries swelling the area |
| heat | additional blood flow to the area makes it fl warmer radiates heat |
| pain | extra fluid and build up of cellular material stimulates pain receptors chemicals also stimulate receptors induce protective mechanism |
| fever | increase in body temperature designed to speed up body's cellular responses & inhibit pathogenic reproduction or functioning if it gets too high, body proteins affected (denature) and can lead to death |
| fever - chemically | tissue & some pathogens release pyrogens - eg interleukin 1 these are detected by the hypothalamus which responds by increasing heat production & retention |
| fever 'feedback loop' | pyrogen released, detected by hypothalamus, set point raised, shivering to generate more heat, feel cold & adjust behaviours, body temp rises. pyrogen reduced feel too hot & sweat |
| complement proteins | plasma proteins that when activated can cause cellular lysis in pathogenic cells and enhance the activity of antibodies boost inflammatory response |
Created by:
wegonebefine
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