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Wastewater Lab
Wastewater Lab Analysis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The tolerance of Class A glassware | +/– 0.30mL |
| The tolerance of Class B glassware | +/– 0.60 or twice that of Class A glassware |
| Pipet classified as TC means... | Pipet CONTAINS the graduated amount and entire contents must be used |
| Pipet classified as TD means... | Pipet DELIVERS the graduated amount and there will be a small amount remaining in the tip |
| At what temperature is laboratory glassware calibrated? | 20°C |
| 1mL equals how many grams? | 1 |
| Water is at its most dense at what temperature? | 4°C |
| Volumetric glassware is best suited for what? | Accurate and precise analytical work |
| Which glassware is more precise? Class A or Class B | Class A |
| When performing a titration with a buret the tip must be... | filled before titration is performed |
| Which pipet is usually recognized by the bubble in the center? | Volumetric |
| Which pipet will only "transfer" one amount? | Volumetric |
| Volumeric flasks are most commonly used for... | Making standards |
| Volumeric flasks will measure... | Only one volume |
| Graduated cylinders can measure... | Multiple volumes |
| When reading a meniscus where should you look? | The bottom of the upward curve |
| Glassware used for phosphorous testing should be cleaned with... | Hot, dilute HCL and rinsed well with distilled water |
| Laboratory glassware should be cleaned with | Phosphate free liquid detergent and rinsed with distilled water |
| Light sensitive chemicals/reagents should be stored in | Amber bottles |
| Define Digestion | The heating of a sample in the presence of a strong acid |
| Define Distillation | Removing heavy materials from water samples by evaporating and re–condensing the sample |
| Define Filtration | Removing materials from samples by passing it through some type of filter material |
| Device used to allow samples to cool in the absence of moisture | Desiccator |
| What material forms a reverse meniscus? Where should it be read? | Mercury The center of the dome/downward curve |
| What is Gravimetric analysis | Technique involving use of a scale |
| In colorimetric analysis the more intense the reaction... | The greater the presence of the substance being tested for |
| What is Nephelometric Analysis | Measure of turbidity (cloudiness) |
| Gravimetric analysis required equipment | Analytical Scale |
| Desiccator | Drying oven |
| Analytical balances must be calibrated by a service technician... | At least once a year |
| Analytical balances/scales should be calibrated with what weights? | NIST Class S and/or ASTM Class 2 |
| What does NIST stand for | National Institute of Standards and Technology |
| What does ASTM stand for | American Society for Testing and Materials |
| Desiccators must contain this | Dessicant |
| As a dessicant absorbs moisture it will | Change from blue to pink (assuming it is blue to start) |
| Dessicant can be recharged in a | TDS drying oven |
| What is Beer–Lamber Law (Beer's Law) | The amount of light absorbed by the sample is proportional to the amount of light absorbing material found in the sample. (darker the intensity = more substance present) |
| What is the Visible light spectrum | 400 – 900nm |
| Define Titration | The addition of a known concentration (titrant) to a sample to reach a desired endpoint |
| Define Reagent | A chemical used in the laboratory to react with a sample or solution |
| Chemicals can be ordered in what states? | Solid, liquid, or gaseous forms |
| Define Solution | Solute (dry ingredient) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Solvent (liquid) |
| What is a Hydrate chemical | A chemical that has water molecules attached |
| What is an Anhydrous chemical | A chemical that has no water attached |
| Most widely used grade of chemicals in the laboratory also the minimum grade allowed. | ACS chemicals |
| What does ACS stand for | American Chemical Society |
| Typical shelf life for reagents stored under proper conditions if no expiration date is listed | One year |
| Upon receipt of a reagent or standard the analyst should | Write the date on the bottle and the certificate of analysis (COA) |
| What does COA stand for | Certificate of Analysis |
| The most common solvent used in water and wastewater labs | Water |
| Methods used for water purification | Deionization cartridges, Activated Carbon cartridges, and distillation |
| Temperature for conductivity measurement | 25°C |
| Best test to check for reagent grade water purity | Conductivity (at 25°C) |
| 3 temperature scales used in the US | Fahrenheit (mostly for weather) Celsius (typically used in lab) Kelvin (official scientific scale) |
| Most commonly used method of temperature measurement | Liquid–in–glass thermometers |
| 3 types of thermometers | Total Immersion Partial immersion Complete immersion |
| What is a Total immersion thermometer | Thermometer immersed to level expected to measure |
| What is a Partial immersion thermometer | Thermometer immersed to specified mark |
| What is a Complete immersion thermometer | Thermometer 100% immersed |
| If the liquid column in a thermometer separates | Place in a dry ice slurry of acetone, toluene or alcohol to contract liquid back into bulb |
| Define Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass |
| Define Mass | The amount of matter contained in an object or material |
| Define Weight | The measurement of earth's attraction to that body |
| Lab thermometers must be calibrated | Yearly, against an NIST or NIST–traceable thermometer |
| Define Chemistry | The study of the composition and structure of matter and the changes that matter undergoes |
| Define Density | Mass –––––––– Volume |
| What unit(s) are Solids & liquids are measured in | gram/cubic centimeter |
| What unit(s) Gases are measured in | gram per liter |
| Define Specific Gravity | The density compared with that of a standard (solids & liquids – 1g/cm3) (gases – 1.29 g/L) |
| What does IBWM stand for | International Bureau of Weights and Measures |
| Mass is measured in | Grams (1/1000 of a standard kilogram) |
| Volume is measured in | Liters (1 kilogram of water at 4°C) |
| 1Kg = __ g | 1,000g (1,000 x basic unit) |
| 1mL = __ L | 0.001L (1/1,000 x basic unit) |
| 1µg = __ g | 0.000001g (1/1,000,000 of basic unit) |
| Define Element | Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by conventional means |
| Define Atom | Smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element |
| Define Atomic nucleus | Center of atom, contains protons and neutrons |
| Define Proton | Atomic particle with a positive charge "P+" |
| Define Neutron | Atomic particle with no charge "N" (about the same size as the proton) |
| Define Electron | Atomic particle with a negative charge "e–" (found outside the nucleus) |
| Define Electron shells | Space around the nucleus where electrons are found (divided into different levels) |
| Define Atomic number | Used to identify an atom |
| Atomic # = | # of Protons in nucleus |
| Elemental symbol "Ca" | Calcium |
| Elemental symbol "C" | Carbon |
| Elemental symbol "Cl" | Chlorine |
| Elemental symbol "Fe" | Iron |
| Elemental symbol "N" | Nitrogen |
| Elemental symbol "O" | Oxygen |
| Elemental symbol "P" | Phosphorous |
| Elemental symbol "K" | Potassium |
| Elemental symbol "Na" | Sodium |
| Define Atomic Mass (Weight) | Total weight of an atom Mass = # Protons + # Neutrons |
| Define Mole | The unit used to define the amount of substance in a chemical reaction or solution |
| Define Molar Mass | The mass in grams of one mole of a substance, directly obtained from an element's atomic mass (i.e. gram–formula mass) |
| Define Neutral Atom | Stable atom that possess and equal number of protons (P+) and electrons (e–), rarely found in real life |
| Define Cation | Atom with a (+) charge |
| Define Anion | Atom with a negative (–) charge |
| Define Valence electrons | Outer shell electrons where bonding occurs |
| Define Molecule | The smallest unit of a compound, atoms of different elements bonded |
| What is a Neutralization Reaction | The reaction between acids and bases, The products are usually salt and water |
| What is a Oxidation–Reduction Reaction (Redox) | A reaction that involves an exchange of electrons |
| OIL RIG acronym for | Oxidation involves loss Reduction involves gain |
| What is an Acid | a substance that readily donates hydrogen ions (H+) to a substance. The (H+) is also known as a proton (The "H" is typically in the front: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3)(The "H" is typically in the front: HCl |
| What is a Base | A substance that accepts protons (H+). (The "H" is typically in the back: NaOH, KOH) |
| What is the Cadmium Reduction Method | NO3 ––> NO2 |
| What is Oxidation | Defined as the addition of oxygen, or the removal of electrons |
| What is Reduction | Defined as the removal of oxygen, or the addition of electrons |
| Convert 44.5°C to °F | 112°F |
| Convert 72°F to °C | 22°C |
| Convert 10°C to °F | 50°F |
| Convert 35°C to °F | 95°F |
| Convert 20°C to °F | 68°F |
| Convert 212°F to °C | 100°C |
| Convert 32°F to °C | 0°C |
| Convert 68°F to °C | 20°C |
| Convert 98.6°F to °C | 37°C |
| Gram–molecular weight (formula wt) of HCl | 36.46 g/mol |
| Gram–molecular weight (formula wt) of NaOH | 40.00 g/mol |
| Gram–molecular weight (formula wt) of CaCO3 | 100.09 g/mol |
| Gram–molecular weight (formula wt) of H2SO4 | 98.07 g/mol |
| How many moles in 46 g of NaCl | 0.79 moles |
| How many moles in 410 g of NaOH | 10.25 moles |
| How many moles in 712 g of KMnO4 | 4.51 moles |
| What is the percent composition of Fluoride in Sodium Fluoride (NaF)? | 45.25% |
| What is the percent composition of Oxygen in Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)? | 45.29% |
| How many grams of NaOH are needed to prepare a 500mL solution of a 5.2 M solution of NaOH? | 104 grams |
| How many grams of KMnO4 are needed to prepare 300mL of a 0.5 M solution of KMnO4? | 23.71 grams |
| If you dissolve 54 grams of NaCl in 1 Liter of water, what is the molar concentration of the NaCl solution? | 0.92 M |
| If 120 grams of Ca(OH)2 is dissolved in 750mL of water, what is the resulting molar concentration of Ca(OH)2? | 2.16 M |
| Gram–equivalent weight of HCl | 36.45 grams |
| Gram–equivalent weight of H2SO4 | 49.04 grams |
| Gram–equivalent weight of NaOH | 40 grams |
| Gram–equivalent weight of Na2CO3 | 53 grams |
| How many grams of NzOH are required to prepare 500mL of 0.1 N NaOH | 2 grams |
| How many grams of H2SO4 are required to prepare 750mL of 1.2N H2SO4 solution? | 44.14 grams |
| 1.33 specific gravity solution, 48% active. How many mg/L | 637 |
| How much of a 0.1N sodium hydroxide titrant do you need to dilute to make 1000mL of a 0.02N sodium hydroxide titrant | 200 mL of 0.1N sodium hydroxide |
| How many mL of a 4000NTU Formazin solution needs to be diluted to 200mL to have a 20NTU standard | 1mL of 4000NTU Formazin solution |
| On a colorimeter, if the absorbance is 0.000, the % transmittance would be | 100% |
| What does FWPCA stand for | Federal Water Pollution Control Act |
| What does NPDES stand for | National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System |
| What does DMR stand for | Discharge Monitoring Report |
| What did the Clean Water Act (CWA) do | Made it unlawful for any person to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters |
| What is Title 40 CFR Part 136 (Code of Federal Regulations) | Federally approved methods for regulatory monitoring; guidelines establishing test procedures for the analysis of pollutants |
| Minimum velocity of water coming into the plant in feet per second (fps) | 2.0 fps |
| Primary treatment in a plant can remove as much as what % of solids and BOD | 60% of solids and 30% of BOD |
| Secondary treatment in a plant must achieve what % removal of original waste concentration | 85% removal |
| What are algae, bacteria, ciliates, rotifers | Microorganisms |
| Predominant organisms involved in secondary treatment | Bacteria |
| To maintain activated sludge... | a portion of the settled solids must be returned to the head of the secondary treatment process |
| The wastewater treatment process designed to kill pathogenic bacteria is called | Disinfection |
| Primary purpose of the Lab | To provide regulatory required and process control data to regulatory offices and plant |
| The first place to look when searching for an approved NPDES test method | Title 40 CFR Part 136 |
| When states accept the authority to enforce the wastewater programs for their state | Primacy – Primary Enforcement Responsibility |
| Compliance monitoring results must be reported on | Discharge Monitoring Report (DMR) (EPA form 3320) |
| Form 3320 must be completed and postmarked to EPD by what date | the 15th of the month following the sampling month |
| Who accepts legal responsibility for the reported monitoring data on form 3320 | The person signing the bottom of the form |
| What is the federal agency that enforces the Clean Water Act | USEPA |
| Amendments made to the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is updated daily in what publication | Federal Registry |
| What is the LEL in regards to gases (Lethal Exposure Limit) | > 10% |
| Where do most errors in the lab occur | Sampling process |
| Most common types of samples | Grab and Composite |
| What is a Grab sample | Sample representative of the source material at a particular instant of time; collected over a period of time not exceeding 15 minutes |
| What is a Composite sample | Sample representative of the average conditions of the flow over a set period of time; obtained by taking a intervals and combining in proportion to the flow number of grab samples at equal |
| Automatic samples can be configured in one of two way | Time proportional (most simplistic) Flow proportional (requires flowmeter) |
| What is Proportional Compositing | (Instantaneous flow) (Total sample volume) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (Number of portions) (Average flow) |
| The ideal location to obtain samples | Where there is good mixing action in the waste stream |
| These should be excluded from a sample | Large solids (greater than 1/4 inch in diameter) |
| The following are examples of what Cool <= 6°C pH adjustment Dechlorination (sodium thiosulfate) | Common preservation techniques |
| The maximum length of time which can pass before a sample is analyzed | Holding time |
| Objective of Sampling | To obtain a portion of material small enough to handle but accurately represent the characteristics of the bulk material |
| Required sample information | Location of sample collection Date and time of sample collection Type of analyses requested Initials of person collecting the sample Required analysis information |
| Required analysis information | Date and time of analysis, Person performing the analysis Analytical procedure used Results |
| Record retention for plant samples | At least 3 years |
| Record retention for sludge (biosolids) handling | At least 5 years |
| If you test it... | You have to report it |
| 6 items required for flow composited sample collection | Location Date sample collected Time sample collected Person who collected samples Flow of each aliquat (sample) Volume of each aliquat (sample) |
| What substance is added to a fecal coliform sample if it contains chlorine? | Sodium thiosulfate |
| What is the hold time for a chlorine residual sample? | None – immediate analysis – max time of 15 minutes |
| What is the most common sample preservation temperature? | = 6° C |
| How is a BOD sample preserved? | = 6° C |
| Preservation and hold time for metal analysis | pH <2, HNO3 (nitric acid) 6 months |
| Preservation and hold time for chemical (compound)analysis | = 6°C, H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) 28 days |
| Preservation and hold time for BOD | = 6° C 48 hours |
| Preservation and hold time for solids (TSS, TDS, TS) | = 6°C 7 days |
| Preservation and hold time for coliform | < 10°C 8 hours |
| Diseases commonly caused by Bacteria in wastewater | Typhoid, Paratyphoid, shigellosis, E. coli, diarrhea, campylobacteriosis, gastroenteritis, cholera, yersiniosis, leptospirosis, salmonellosis |
| Diseases commonly caused by Viruses in wastewater | Hepatitis A, polio, viral gastroenteritis, encephalitis, poliomyelitis |
| Diseases commonly caused by Parasites in wastewater | Giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis |
| Two common Indicator organisms | Total Coliform Fecal Coliform |
| Define Bacteria | Microscopic simple celled organisms that lack a nucleus (prokaryotes) |
| Define Fecal Coliform | Thermo–tolerant bacteria that grow at 44.5°C (112°F) |
| Characteristics Coliform | Ferments lactose Produces Gas Produces Acid |
| Membrane filtration – 9222D | Water bath (fecal coliform) |
| Membrane filtration – 9222B | Dry incubator (total coliform) |
| Two types of bacteriological media | Agar – solid "Jello"–like media Broth – liquid media |
| CFU | Colony Forming Units |
| Fecal coliform incubation temperature and time | 44.5°C for 24 (+/–) 2 hours |
| m–FC media filter | filter with a pore size of 0.45µm (most bacteria will has a size of 0.5–0.8µm) |
| Seven–day and monthly fecal coliform average use what calculation | Geometric mean |
| Rosalic Acid | Added to media to inhibit the growth of non–fecal coliform bacteria |
| What color are fecal coliform colonies | Blue |
| Which plates are used for fecal coliform calculations | Plates with 20–60 visible colonies |
| MPN | Most Probable Number also called Multiple Tube Method (MTF) |
| 3 phases of MPN | Phase 1 – Presumptive Phase Phase 2 – Confirmed Phase Phase 3 – Completed Phase |
| Presumptive Phase (MPN) | Media indicates target organism MAY be present |
| Confirmed Phase (MPN) | Media indicates target organism IS DEFINITELY present |
| Completed Phase (MPN) | Microscopic examination of growth on specialized media |
| Media used in MPN analyses | Lauryl tryptose broth |
| MPN incubation temperature and time | 35 +/– 0.5°C for 24 +/–2 hours |
| MPN positive tubes | Fluoresce and have visible gas bubbles |
| Confirmed Phase of MPN | Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth – Total Coliform incubate at 35 (+/–) 0.5°C |
| EC Broth – Fecal Coliform | incubate at 44.5 (+/–) 0.2°C |
| Fecal Coliform QC | Analyize Dilution water blank (a.k.a. negative) Analyize Positive (a.k.a. spike) Analyize Duplicates |
| 3 dilutions used in MPN analyses | 10.0 mL, 1.0 mL, 0.1 mL |
| What is the geometric mean for the following? 5, 21, 9, 2, 7 | 6.67 |
Created by:
chymaiera
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