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apes unit 8
Term | Definition |
---|---|
acute study | an experiment exposing subject to envi hazards for a short duration |
AIDS | infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus |
asbestos | carcinogen found in older buildings, causes lung cancer and scarring |
atrazine | endocrine disruptor, herbicide |
bioaccumulation | increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time |
biomagnification | chemical concentration increase as it passed up the food chain |
bird flu | flu caused by H5N1 virus |
brownfields | contaminated sites that may require cleanup before development (ex: old factory) |
carcinogen | a chemical that causes cancer (ex: arsenic, asbestos, radon) |
chronic study | an experiment exposing subject to envi hazards for a long duration |
clean water act (1972) | this act protects aquatic wildlife by maintaining a balance of water's properties |
closed loop recycling | recycling a product into the same product |
concerning heavy metals | lead (old paint and pipes), arsenic (earth's crust), mercury (coal combustion) |
DDT | endocrine disrupter found in birds, used illegally on imported food, banned in US, bioaccumulates |
dead zone formation | wastewater contamination -> increase in microbe activity -> high biochemical oxy demand -> low oxy concentrations |
disease facts | - <3/4 of world deaths are from disease - top 6 infections diseases: malaria, tuberculosis, diarrhea, HIV/AIDS, respiratory |
dose response study | a study that exposes organisms to dif amounts of a chemical and watches effects |
e-waste | - electrical product waste, old devices - 2% of waste stream (but big effect) - has mercury and cadmium (can leach out of landfills) |
ED50 | dose of chemicals that gives 50% of participants in a dose response study sublethal effects |
emergent infectious disease | infectious disease that has not been common for 20+ years |
endocrine distruptor | a chemical that interferes with hormones (ex: atrazine, DDT) |
epidemic | pathogen causes rapid increase in disease (small area) |
exxon valdez oil spill | 11 million gallons of oil spilled. 2 decade cleanup, caused double hull regulation |
hazardous waste | material harmful to humans/ecosystems, must be treated carefully |
HIV | a type of virus that causes AIDS |
how methane and CO2 come from landfills | anaerobic decomposition |
incineration | - burning waste to reduce volume - ash- material that is left over after incineration - bottom ash- residue collected at the bottom of the combustion chamber - fly ash- ash in the air |
incineration consequences | - tipping fees higher than landfills - air pollutants from incomplete combustion - ash made is more toxic than MSW |
incineration steps | waste dumped in bunker, crane moves it to hopper, waste burned, ash collected, baghouse filter sifts air |
infectious disease | disease caused by pathogen/bacteria/virus |
innocent until proven guilty principle | a principle that something is not considered a hazard until scientific data shows harm |
integrated waste management | employs several waste reduction methods to reduce envi impact (looks at manufacturing, use, and disposal) |
landfill problems | ground water contamination, methane gas formation (3rd largest source in US), disease vector hazards |
LD50 | lethal dose of chemical killing 50% of dose response study participants |
leachate | polluted liquid after touching waste |
life cycle analysis | looks at materials involved over the lifetime of a product, aka cradle to grave analysis |
lyme disease | a disease caused by a bacterium transmitted by ticks |
mad cow disease | a disease where prions mutate into deadly pathogens that damage a cow's nervous system :( |
malaria | infectious disease caused by protists in the genus Plasmodium |
manure lagoon | manmade rubber pond for livestock wastewater |
mutagen | a type of carcinogen that causes damage to the genetic material of a cell |
neurotoxin | a chemical that disrupts nervous systems (ex: lead, mercury) |
nonpoint source | a diffuse area that produces pollution |
oil pollution | 60% natural seeps, 40% consumption of petroleum |
open loop recycling | recycling a product into a dif product |
PCB | industrial chemical, now banned, neurotoxin, bioaccumulates |
persistence | the length of time a chem remains in envi (half life is related to this) |
philosophies of risk management | innocent until proven guilty principle, precautionary principle |
plague | infectious disease caused by bacterium carried by fleas |
planned obsolescence | production of products that become lass desirable over time, encouraging purchase of an upgrade |
point source | a distinct location from which pollution is directly produced |
precautionary principle | a belief that action should be taken against a potential envi hazard |
prion | a small protein that occasionally mutates into a pathogen |
prospective study | a study monitoring people who might be exposed to envi hazard in the future |
qualitative risk assessment | judgements of risk based on perceptions |
quantitative risk assessment | judgements of risk based on data/facts |
REACH (2007) | agreement among EU about chemical regulations |
resource conservation and recovery act | this act is to reduce hazardous waste, aka cradle-to-grave tracking (EPA keeps list of hazardous waste tracking) |
retrospective study | a study monitoring people who were exposed to envi hazard in the past |
risk analysis process | risk assessment (identify, how toxic, how much) -> risk acceptance (how much to allow) -> risk management (deal with it) |
risk formula | probability of exposure to hazard * probability of harm if exposed |
route of exposure | the way someone comes in contact with envi hazard |
safe water drinking act (1974) | this act sets the national standard for drinking water by establishing max containment levels |
sanitary landfill | a facility for holding MSW while minimizing contaminating environment (clay liner, leachate protection system, cap, ect) |
SARS | a flu caused by covid |
sediment | - construction sites, poor farming practices - clogs gills, decreases photosynthesis- silt fences to mediate |
septic systems | water from house held in large tank, solids settle, bacteria breaks down sewage, water goes to leach field |
sewage treatment plant | great volumes of wastewater are held here. sludge separated from water and bacteria breaks down both. primary, secondary, tertiary stages |
solid waste | - trash, sludge - threat to creatures- laws for dumping |
solubility | how well a chemical dissolves in liquid (fat soluble chems not soluble in water) |
source reduction | reduces use of potential waste materials (stop it before it happens) |
stockholm convention (2001) | agreement among 127 nations banning 12 chemicals |
sublethal effect | effects from envi hazards that are not lethal but still detrimental |
superfund act (CERCLA) | this act imposes a tax on chemical and petroleum industries, funds hazardous waste cleanup (direct response to release of hazardous waste) |
sustainable materials management | focuses on resource, envi, and human health impacts over the life cycle of materials |
swine flu | flu cause by H1N1 virus |
synergistic interaction | 2 risks causing more harm than expected together based on each individual risk |
teratogen | a chemical that interferes with development before birth (ex: alcohol) |
thermal pollution | runoff from nuclear power plants into water bodies. warm water holds LESS DO. DECREASED respiration -> sufforcation |
throw away society | A society with an attitude to consumption that pays little attention to the need to recycle. |
tipping fee | a fee for disposing material in a landfill |
tuberculosis | contagious disease caused by bacterium in lungs |
waste stream | the flow of solid waste that is disposed of in some way |
wastewater | water produced by livestock operations and human activities (grey water) |
wastewater disease causing organisms | can carry pathogens and bacteria, e.coli, can cause cholera and stomach flu |
wastewater nutrient release | algae blooms from phosphorus (eutrophication) |
wastewater oxygen demand | biological ____ _____ (BOD), lower indicates less wastewater present, can lead to dead zone (area with very low oxy) |
water pollution | contamination of streams, lakes, oceans, or groundwater through substances produce by human activities |
west nile virus | a virus in birds, transmitted by mosquitos |
zika virus disease | a disease caused by a pathogen that causes fetuses to be born with small heads |