click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Patho chap 43 & 44
eyes and ears
Question | Answer |
---|---|
3 layers of the eye | scelera, choroid, retina |
what are some basic functions of the eye | see colors, focus images & carry impulses to the optic disc light rays pass through the cornea, anterior chamber |
what diagnostic tests are used for the eyes | ishihara color chart, snellen chart |
myopia | near sightedness |
hyperopia | farsightedness |
presbyopia | aging |
astigmatism | an irregularity in the curve of the cornea |
amblyopia | lazy eye |
strabismus | crossed eye |
normal vision | 20/ 20 |
blindness is considered vision that can't be corrected to better than | 20/200 |
blepharitis | an infection of the eyelid |
symptoms of blepharitis | characterized by dry, gritty sensation in t he eye and photophobia |
photophobia | sensitivity to light |
stye or a hordeolum | a bacterial infection at the root of the eyelid |
most common cause of stye | staph a |
chalazion | the blockage of the meibomian gland near the margin of the eyelid |
keratitis | inflammation of the cornea |
most common causative agent in keratitis | HSV |
what condition does keratitis lead to | keratoconjuctivitis |
which infection is caused by contact lenses contaminated with ameba | acanthamoeba keratitis |
keratoconjuctivitis sicca | associated with autoimmune disorders |
key system of keratoconjuctivitis sicca | reduced tear production |
dacryocysitis | inflammation of the lacrimal sac |
symptoms of dacryocystitis | eye is red, watery with purulent exudate |
scleritis | inflammation of the sclera |
what is scleritis associated with | autoimmune |
where does the pain radiate to in scleritits? | eyebrow or temple |
who is most likely to have scleritis | rheumatoid arthritis & systemic lupus erythematous |
what is the most common type of eye injury? | corneal abrasion |
how is corneal abrasion diagnosed | slit lamp, fluorescein dye, woods light |
how's at the greatest risk for corneal abrasion | people with contact lens |
what are the symptoms of corneal abrasion | gritty eye, photophobia |
bacterial conjunctivitis | mucopurulent exudate |
viral conjunctivitis | watery discharge |
allergic conjunctivitis | inflamed and cobblestone appearance |
glaucoma | swelling of the optic nerve caused by increased pressure |
risk factors glaucoma | > 40 years, ethnicity, history of miagrane, cardiovascular disease |
causes of glaucoma | increased pressure on optic nerve |
2 types of glaucoma | POAG - progressive PACG - rapid |
symptoms of glaucoma | halos around lights, vision loss, eye redness |
diagnosis of glaucoma | increase optic cup to optic disc ration on fundoscopic exam |
risk factors DM retinopathy | diabetes, high blood pressure, pregnancy |
causes of DM retinopathy | increase glucose levels & damage of retina |
2 forms of DM retinopathy | non-proliferative and proliferative |
symptoms of DM retinopathy | initially - asymptomatic progression - blurred vision, poor night vision |
diagnosis of DM retinopathy | slit lamp examination & fundoscopic exam |
risk factors of cataracts | aging, getting too much sunlight, previous eye surgery |
causes of cataracts | smoking, diabetes, exposure to UV light, age |
patho of cataracts | excessive growth of epitheal layers of the lens |
symptoms of cataracts | gradual vision loss, halos at night, cloudiness in lens of eyes |
risk factors of age related macular degeneration | hypertension, smoking, genetics |
causes of age related macular degeneration | combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors |
2 types of age related macular degeneration | dry (non exudative) - 90% of those with disease wet (exudative) - more severe |
symptoms of age related macular degeneration | yellow white accumulations in macular region |
diagnosis of cataracts | tonometry, visual activity, dilated eye exam |
diagnosis of age related macular degeneration | ansler grid to measure central vision |
what are the two functions of the ear? | balance and hearing |
urticle, saccule, semicircular cannals help with? | balance |
cochlea helps with? | hearing |
decibel | the unit to describe the loudness of sound |
when someone whispers, it is how many dB | 0-20 dB |
normal conversation is at what dB | 60 dB |
sounds greater than how many dB can cause hearing loss? | 85 dB |
mild hearing loss | difficulty following conversations |
moderate hearing loss | hearing aid to hear normal conversation |
severe hearing loss | can hear speaking, but cannot make out words -> hearing aid needed |
profound hearing loss | hearing aids, lip reading, sign language |
conductive loss | the disorder of sound transmission from the outer or middle ear to the receptors of the middle |
causes of conductive loss | impacted cercum, ottis media |
sensorineural loss | a disorder of inner ear, auditory nerve or auditory pathway in the brain |
causes of sensorineural loss | noise trauma, infections, genetic disorders |
mixed hearing deficiency | loss is a combination of both conduction and sensorineural hearing loss |
presbycusis | hearing loss in older adults due to gradual loss of hairs in cochlea |
tinnitus | the perception of abnormal sounds in the head or ear and can be a ringing |
causes of tinnitus | CN VIII disorders, prolonged noise exposure, infection, meds |
vertigo | a sense of the room spinning and is different from dizziness |
diagnostic tests for ear disorders | audiometry, tympanogram, genetic test, MRI & CT |
most common causes of reversible hearing loss | ear wax |
otitis externa | known as swimmer's ear |
symptoms of otitis externa | external ear may be painful, redness, tenderness & draining |
otitis media | ear infection of the middle of the ear |
greatest risk of getting ottis media and why | children because they have shorter, wider, and more horizontal eustachian tubes |
symptoms of ottis media | fever, earache, children will ear tug, poor eating and irritability |
where is the tympanic membrane | in the middle of the ear |
what can cause the tympanic membrane to rupture | complication of middle ear infection or trauma |
what are the symptoms if the tympanic membrane is ruptured or infected | buzzing sound in the ear, earache & hearing loss |
otosclerosis | is from a callus on the stapes which leads to a decrease in vibrations from limited ossicle movement |
what type of hearing loss occurs during otosclerosis | progressive; usually in one ear |
describe meniere's disease | change in fluid volume in bony and membranous labyrinth |
what are the symptoms of meniere's disease | progressive hearing loss and tinnitus |
who does meniere's disease affect? | those 40- 50 years |