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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the MOA of Milrinone? | (-) cardiac PDE type 3; adverse effects: hypotension and thrombocytopenia |
| What other cardiac rx can Quinidine cause a reaction with? | Digitoxin toxicity |
| What are the side effects of Disopyramide? | long half-life, anticholinergic sx |
| What are the clinical findings of Proprionic Acidemia? | poor feeding, vomiting, hypotonia, lethargy, dehydration, and AG acidosis |
| Metabolism of what AA contribute to Proprionic Acidemia? | Val, Ile, Thr, Met |
| What happens to the aorta with age? | age-related decr in aortic compliance leads to isolated systolic hypertension |
| In seminal vesicles and urine, what is the purpose of sorbitol dehydrogenase? | sorbitol --> fructose |
| What types of UV rays do zinc compounds block? | UVAI, UVAII, UVB |
| What type of toxicity can Na nitroprusside cause? | CN and thiocyanate; minimize by giving Na thiosulfate or hydroxycobalmin |
| What factor causes gingival hyperplasia with phenytoin use? | incr PDGF |
| What is recombination (viruses)? | exchange of genetic information b/w 2 virus strains w/ nonfragmented DNA genomes; 2 defective viruses can create 1 cytopathic wild type genome virus |
| What are the clinical signs of a thalamic stroke? | total sensory loss on contralateral side of the body |
| What causes lacunar infarctions in the brain? | small vessel lipohyalinosis and atherosclerosis in deep penetrating vessels supplying basal ganglia |
| What is the dx test for cystinuria? | Na cyanide nitroprusside test (detects cysteine SH groups) |
| Which anti-lipid drugs can precipitate gall stones? | Bile-acid binding resins (cholestyramine) and fibrates |
| What rx can cause seizures? | buproprion, isoniazid, imipenem |
| What is the most common site of osteomyelitis? | long bone metaphysis |
| How is an incr ejection fraction represented on ventricular PV loop? | widening of graph (to the left) |
| What is different about the capsule of H. flu type b? | ribose rather than hexose |
| What are the microscopic findings of an invasive mole? | hydropic villi and proliferated trophoblast |
| What are the microscopic findings of Choriocarcinoma? | atypical trophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast w/ hemorrhage and necrosis |
| What contributes to the permissive effects on cortisol of NE/EPI? | upregulation of alpha1 receptors on arterioles |
| What are the microscopic findings of Mucomycosis? | broad, nonseptate hyphae w/ right angle branching |
| What are the clinical findings of hydrocephalus? | macrocephaly, poor feeding, muscle hypertonicity, hyperreflexia |
| What is Wednig-Hoffman disease? | spinal muscular atrophy type I; lower extremity hyporeflexia, flaccid quadriplegia |
| What is used for acid fast staining? | aniline dye (carbolfuchsin) and decolorizing with alcohol |
| What is retrolental fibroplasia? | retinopathy of the newborn, due to O2 supplementation |
| Where are the parietal and chief cells oriented in the gastric glands? | superficial - oxyntic parietal cells deep - small, basophilic granular chief cells |
| What type of bleeding d/o occurs in uremia? | qualitative plt d/o w/ nl plt ct |
| What does her2/neu code for? | transmembrane protein w/ intracellular tyrosine kinase activity |
| What is the role of thymic epithelial cells in T lymphocyte selection? | they express MHC Ag on surface and interact w/ the TCR on the immature thymocytes, if they bind, thymocytes get (+) signal |
| What drugs can cause "coronary steal"? | adenosine and dipyridamole - selective vasodilators of coronary vessels; can cause redistribution of blood through coronary microvessels or arterioles, possibly reversing collateral blood flow, may only dilate vessels in non-ischemic areas |
| What disease results from deficiency of CD55 and CD59 on RBCs? | Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria |
| Why aren't Chlamydia and Ureaplasma affected by pens or cephs? | no cell wall peptidoglycan |
| What is tumor lysis syndrome? | occurs when tumors w/ high cell turnover are tx; K, P, and uric acid released; uric acid can precipitate in acidic pH of DT and CD; prevent by alkalinization of urine and hydration |
| What is the pathogenesis of lactic acidosis? | In septic shock, tissue hypoxia results in impaired ox phos and shunting of pyruvate to lactate following glycolysis |
| What is Cladribine? | purine analog that achieves high intracellular concentrations b/c it is resistant to degradation by adenosine deaminases; DOC for hairy cell leukemia |
| What is lyonization | one X chromosome is nl deactivated forming condensed heterochromatin (Barr body) where heavily methylated DNA is transcriptionally inactive |
| What are the clinical sx of theophylline toxicity? | abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, arrhythmias, seizures*most common cause of death |
| How do you reverse theophylline toxicity? | beta blocker for arrhythmias, BDZs for seizures |
| What are the side effects of the DOC for trigeminal neuralgia? | aplastic anemia, also a CYP450 inducer (carbamazepine) |
| In HIV-1, what do env mutations do? | enable escape from host neutralizing Ab |
| What are the clinical findings of portal vein thrombosis? | portal HTN, splenomegaly, ascites, varicosities, NO changes to liver parenchyma |
| What is the histologic finding of mitochondrial myopathy? | blotch, "ragged" red muscle fibers on Gomori trichrome stain |
| What is the most common cause of coronary sinus dilation? | incr right-sided heart pressure secondary to pulmonary artery HTN |
| How do fibrates precipitate gall stone formation? | 7-alpha hydroxylase decr solubilization of cholesterol --> bile acids |
| How can HAV be destroyed? | water chlorination, formalin, UV irradiation, boiling to 85 C for 1 min |
| What causes lacunar infarcts? | HTN changes in arterioles, leakage of plasma proteins through the endothelium and incr production of EMA and changes in arteriolar wall |
| What types of cell markers are cells of small cell CA usually (+) for? | neuron specific enolase, chromogranin, synaptophysin |
| What virus is responsible for cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and Koplik's spots? | Rubeola (measles virus), paramyxovirus family, enveloped ssRNA neg sense, nonsegmented |
| What is absent in LAD? | CD18; recurrent skin infections w/o pus, delayed separation of umbilicus |
| What causes SSPE? | certain types of measles that are missing an antigen (M protein); retained virus causes inflammation, demyelination, and gliosis |
| How does the liver uptake and secrete bilirbuin? | uptake is passive; secretion is active; defective secretion = unconj bilirubin in urine |
| What is HCV envelope glycoprotein prone to frequent mutations? | RNA polymerase has no 3' to 5' exonuclease activity |
| What are the histologic findings of osteopetrosis? | persistence of primary, unmineralized spongiosa in the medullary canals |
| What is the best drug for postprandial hyperglycemia? | lispro or aspart (peak in 30 to 90 mins) |
| What causes the rapid recovery from thiopental? | redistribution t/o body (sk muscle and adipose tissue) NOT metabolism |
| What is used to prevent severe vasospasm post-SAH? | nimodipine (CCB) |
| What are the clinical findings of infantile beriberi? | fulminant cardiac syndrome w/ cardiomegaly, tachycardia, cyanosis, dyspnea, and vomiting |
| What limits the toxicity of Cisplatin? | aggressive hydration and Amifostine |
| What prevents cardiotoxicity w/ Doxorubicin? | Dexrazoxane, Fe-chelating agent |
| What are some important adverse effects of colchicine? | nausea, abd pain, diarrhea |
| What causes myocardial hibernation? | repetitive ischemia or persistent hypoperfusion, reversible loss of contractile functioning; reversed w/ CADB or balloon angioplasty |
| What is myocardial stunning? | brief ischemic episodes followed by reperfusion |
| What is the physiology of sound transmission? | tympanic membrane --> ossicles --> oval window --> basilar membrane --> bending of hair cell cilia (organ of corti) against tectorial membrane --> acoustic n. |
Created by:
ash0403
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