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genes-2
chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Eukaryote gene | have more than one copy of some genes |
| Prokaryote gene | have only one copy of one gene |
| genes that are being actively transcribed in Eukaryotes | Euchromatin |
| genes that are not being actively transcribed, and are in tight packed regions of DNA | Heterochromatin |
| Repetitive sequence DNA found in | Heterchromatin |
| only a little over __ % of human genome actually code for proteins | 1 |
| The central dogma | DNA is transcribed to RNA which is transated to AA forming proteins |
| 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA: | AT...CG |
| Purines | 2 ring structure (AG) |
| Pyrimidine | 1 ring structure ( TC) |
| DNA | polymer of nucleotides |
| Each nucleotide is connected to the next by | phosphodiester bonds |
| A double helix is made thanks to | hydrogen bonding between antiparrallel strands |
| A--T | 2 hydrogen bonds |
| G--C | 3 Hydrogen Bonds |
| DNA replication is governed by a group of protiens called a | replisome |
| What unwinds the double helix for replication | DNA helicase |
| Enzyme that builds the new DNA strand, and adds nucleotides to an existing strand | DNA polymerase |
| ___ , a RNA polymerase, creates an RNA primer to initiate the strand? | Primase |
| DNA polyermase requires an ____ to get started? | RNA Polymerase |
| DNA is read in the direction of | 3--->5 upstream |
| DNA is made in the direction of | 5-->3 downstream |
| continuous strand | leading strand |
| interrupted strand | lagging strand |
| lagging strand is put together by | okazaki fragments (found in both pro and EU karyotes) |
| ties all the lagging strand together | DNA ligase |
| RNA | single standed |
| In animals DNA is only in | the nucleus, mitochondrial matrix, |
| In animals RNA is only in | cytosol |
| DNA is made by | Replication |
| RNA | transcription |
| How many types of DNA are there? | 1 |
| How many types of RNA are there? | 3 |
| DNA replication is fast and ___ | accurate |
| Exonuclease in DNA polymerase | PROOF READS DNA |
| Delivers the DNA code for AA to the cytosol where proteins are made | mRNA |
| combines with proteins to form ribosomes | rRNA |
| rRNA is made in the | nucleolus |
| takes AA in the cytosol and transfers them to the ribosomes for incorporation into a protein | tRNA |
| Transcription requires a promoter; REplication requires a ___ | primer |
| ALL DNA is made from a DNA template in a process called | Transcription |
| Transcription occurs in _____ & _____ | nucleus and mitochondrial matrix |
| Prokaryotes have ____ types of RNA polymerize; Eukaryotes have _____ types of RNA polymerize | 1; 3 |
| Sequence of DNA nucleotides that designates a start point for transcription | promoter |
| only the template strand( - antisense) of DNA is transcribed; and the other strand is called _______ | the coding strand ( +) sense |
| Special proteins to dissociate RNA polymerase from DNA | termination |
| RNA polymerase DOES not have a proof reading capability T or F? | TRUE |
| The coding strand is used to | protect the its partner from degradation |
| Activators/ Inhibitors | used to regulate gene expression via level of transcription. Binds to PRomoter close to DNA sequence and either repress or activate the RNA polymerase |
| Activators/ Inhibitors are regulated by | cAMP/ allosterically |
| A bacterial DNA consisting of operator, promoter, and related genes | OPERON ( make mRNA) |
| Post transcriptional processing of RNA occurs in | BOTH EU and PROK |
| PROKARYOTES | Post transcriptional processing occurs in rRNA and tRNA. NOT mRNA ( this is directly translated) |
| Eukaryotes | Post transcriptional processing happnes to mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
| 5' end is capped b4 Eukaryotic mRNA is completely transcribed | Uses GTP to do this, |
| 5' cap and 3' poly A tail | protects against exonuclease |
| primary transcript is cleaved into....b4 leaving the nucleus | introns and extrons |
| snRNPs | recognize nucleotides sequence at the end of introns |
| spicesomes | take out introns |
| G-C has a ____Tm than A-T | greater |
| Less viscous, denser, and more able to absorb UV light | denatured DNA |
| 95 degrees C | Dentature DNA |
| Restriction site= 4 to 6 nucleotides long= ? | palindromic sequence |
| Nucleic Acid hybridization make | recombinant DNA fron denatured DNA |
| Restriction enzymes = aka = endonuclease cut nucleic acid only at | certain nucelotide seuqence |
| DNA ligase | joins phophodiester bonds of fragments together after hybridization |
| Makes DNA library from DNA fragment | vector ( plasmid/ infected virus) |
| cDNA | DNA reverse transcribed from mRNA. Lacks introns that eukaryotic DNA cells have |
| Target DNA is dentured and mixed with many complementary primers. There is 2 copies of the DNA primer, one for each strand. | PCR |
| Southern BLotting (electrophoresis) | identifies specific sequence of DNA by nucleic acid hybridization. |
| Northern blotting | identifies specific sequence of RNA by nucleic acid hybridization. |
| western blot | detects proteins and antibodies |
| AT= CG | Ratio's are equal |
| complementary bonds are held together by... | hydrogen bonds |
| RFLP analysis of | individuals and not specific genes |
| Amphipathic | polar and nonpolar |
| start codon | AUG |
| stop codon | UAA, UAG, UGA |
| A polypeptide has 100 possible AA. How many possible AA sequences are there for this polypeptide? | 20^100 |
| how many combinations of nucleotides do we have? | 4^3= 64 |
| Template wich carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytosol in the form of codons. | mRNA |
| process of protein synthesis directed by mRNA | translation |
| tRNA | contains a set of nucelotides( anticodon) complementary to the codon |
| protein + rRNA | ribosome |
| site of translation= | ribosome |
| Prokaryotic subunit | 30s + 50s= 70s |
| Eukaryotic subunit= | 40s + 60s= 80s |
| ribosome subunits are made/assembled in the ____ and transported to the _____ | Nucleolus ( only in eukaryotes) ; cytosol |
| When anticodon settles at the P site | initiation complex/ initiation begins |
| Elongation occurs at | A site ( where 2 GTP is used) |
| E site= | termination occurs and exits & another GTP is used |
| When does translation end? | When a stop codon ( non sense) attaches to the A site |
| Chaperones | proteins assisting in AA folding |
| Post- Transciptional modifications | adds lipids, sugars, or phosphates; polypeptide can be cleaved; may form quaternary structure |
| Translation occurs at | free floating ribosome in cytosol OR ribosome injects proteins in rough ER lumen |
| During translation, a signal peptide is sythesized and attaches to an SRP complex in order to | direct the ribosome to attach to the ER |
| Signal peptide is removed by a | enzyme |
| Mutations occur at the _____ level or _____ level | chromosomal; nucleotide |
| Mutations in somatic cells= | not passed to offsrping |
| Mutations in germ cells = | passed to offspring |
| Mutations changes a SINGLE base pair of nucleotides in a double stranded DNA | Point mutation |
| Nucleotide Replacement | Base pair mutations |
| Nucleotide removal or addition | Insertions & Deletions |
| Insertion or Deletion of non multiples of 3 | frameshift |
| Insertion or Deletion of multiples of 3 | non frameshift ( can be base pair mutations as well) |
| NO stop codon | missense ( may or may not be very serious) |
| Stop codon | Nonsense ( very serious) |
| DNA from one chromosome is inserted into another chromosome | translocation |
| section of DNA is reversed on a chromosome | Inversion |
| Transposisition | occurs in both pro and EU |
| DNA segments that can excise themselves from a chromosome and reinsert themselves at another location on the same chromosome | transposable elements / tranposons |
| Genes that cause cancer | Oncogenes |
| Translation is associated with what organelles:: | mitochondrial matrix; cytosol; rough ER..... not the NUCLEUS though |
| Any AA could have several codons | there are MORE codons than AA |
| how many codons are there? | 64 codons |
| GENETIC CODE IS _____ from species to species | universal |
| Difference btwn pro and EU translation? | Pro translation may occur stimutaneously with transcription , but EU can not occur |
| growing polypeptide can be found attached to a tRNA at which site on a ribosome? | P site |
| 8 histones wrapped in DNA form a | nucleosome |
| In animals DNA is only found in | nucleus & mitochonria |
| Histones ( globular proteins) + DNA = | chromatin |
| condensed chromatin = | heterochroatin |
| chromatin that can be transcribed and uncoiled= | Euchromatin |
| Diploid = | homologous pairs |
| mitosis results in | identical daughter cells |
| Cell life cyle | G1 ( longest stage, cell growth, organelle and protein made) -> S( DNA replication) -> G2 (Cell division) -> M |
| interphase | G1, G2, S |
| G0 | non growing state |
| Nuclear division without genetic change | mitosis |
| Prophase | Condensation of chromatin , Centrioles move to opposite ends, nucleolus and nucleus disapears; spindle apparatus forms |
| Metaphase | chromosomes align along the equator of the cell |
| Anaphase | Cytokinesis may begin; sister chromatids move toward opposite sides of the cell |
| Telophase | Nuclear membrane reforms; Reformation of nucleolus; Chromosome decondense, Cytokinesis continues |
| Underlight microscope ____ in mitosis and _____ in meiosis can be seen | metaphase; metaphase 2 , but not 1 |
| Nuclear division which makes 4 haploid gametes ( germ cells) | Meiosis |
| In humans only ____ & ____ go through meiosis, and all somatic cells go through mitosis | oogonium ; spermatogonium |
| Prophase 1 | crossing over/ genetic recombination can occur |
| Genes closer together are more likely to ____ | crossover ( are linked) |
| Metaphase 1 of meiosis _____ align, instead of single chromosomes aligned along the plate in mitosis | tetrads |
| In telophase 1, if cytokinesis occurs, ____ is created | a haploid ( 23 chromosomes)= secondary sermatocyte/ oocyte |
| in telophase 1 | 1 polar body is released and degenerates |
| Meiosis 1 | = reduction division |
| Meiosis 2 makes | 4 sperm cells= male & 1 ovum= female each with 23 chromosomes |
| In the female, telophase 2 makes one gamete and ____ | a second polar body |
| NONDISJUNCTION ( where the centromere of any chromosome does not split) occurs in | anaphase 1 or 2 |
| a primary spermatocyte and oocyte has ___ chromosomes | 46 |
| translation, transcription, replication occurs in ___ phase? | S |
| Nucleotide sequence can be seen in meiosis at which point? | prophase 1 |
| tetrad= | 4 (chromatids) X's, joined by a chiasmata |
| In a female, development of oocyte is arrested in | Prophase 1 of meiosis |
Created by:
zrsoori
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