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StatesOfMatterCptr13
THis is a review over chapter 13 in the person chemistry textbook
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Kinetic energy | The energy an object has because of its motion. |
| Kinetic theory | All matter consists of tiny particles that are in constant motion. |
| Kinetic theory as it applies to gases: | -The particles in a gas are considered to be small, hard spheres with an insignificant volume. -The motion of the particles in a gas is rapid, constant, and random. -All collisions between particles in a gas are perfectly elastic, |
| What happens during an elastic collision? | Kinetic energy is transferred without loss from one particle to another, and the total kinetic energy remains constant. |
| Gas pressure | Result from the forces exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object. It is the result of billions of rapidly moving particles in a gas simultaneously colliding with an object. |
| Vacuum | An empty space with no particles and no pressure. |
| Atmospheric pressure | The collision of atoms and molecules in air with objects. |
| Barometer | A device that is used to measure atmospheric pressure |
| As the level in land goes up | The atmospheric pressure goes down (and vice versa) |
| Pascal (Pa) | The SI unit of pressure that represents a very small amount of pressure |
| Standard atmospheric (atm) | The pressure required to support 760 mm of mercury in a mercury barometer at 25deg.celcius. |
| 1 atm = | 760 mm Hg; 101.3kPa |
| What happens as a substance is heated? | It's particles absorb energy, some of which is stored within the particle. This stored portion of the energy, or potential energy does not raise the temperature of the substance. The remaining absorbed does not raise the temperature of the substance. |
| An increase in the average kinetic energy of the particles causes the | the temperature of a substance to rise. |
| The kelvin temperature of a substance is directly proportional to | the average kinetic energy of the particles of the substance. |
| what is the main difference between gases and liquids? | According to the kinetic theory, there are no attractions between the particles in a gas, but in liquids there are attractions. |
| What are the main properties of liquids? | -they are denser than gasses - Increasing the pressure on a liquid has hardly any effect on its volume - liquids are condenced. |
| What are considered the condensed states of matter? | Solids and Liquids. |
| vaporization | The conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor |
| Vapor pressure | A measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid |
| condensation | Going directly from a gas or vapor to a liquid. |
| A dynamic equilibrium exists between ____ in a system at constant vapor pressure. | The vapor and the liquid. |
| An increase in the temperature of a contained liquid increases the | vapor pressure |
| Manometer | A device used to measure the vapor pressure of a liquid. |
| Boiling point (bp) | The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is just equal to the external pressure on the liquid. |
| Do liquids always boil at the same temperature? | No, it depends on the pressure at which the liquid is being heated. |
| normal boiling point | The boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 101.3 kPa. |
| Properties of most solids: | Atoms, ions, or molecules are usually packed closely together, making them difficult to compress. Additionally they do not flow as a result of vibrations at fixed points. |
| Melting point (mp) | The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid |
| What happens at the melting point? | The disruptive vibrations of particles are strong enough to overcome the attraction that hold them in fixed possitions. |
| Freezing point (fp) | The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid. |
| crystal | A solid where the particles are arranged in an orderly, repeating, three-dimensional pattern called a crystal lattice. |
| unit cell | THe smallest group of particles within a crystal that retains the geometric shape of the crystal. |
| Allotropes | Two or more different molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state. |
| amorphous solids | A solid that lacks an internal structure. |
| glass | A transparent fusion product of inorganic substances that have cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing. They generally soften when heated rather than completely melt at a specific melting point. |
| Simple cubic | A unit cell where the atoms or ions are arranged at the corners of an imaginary cube |
| Body-centered cubic | A unit cell where the atoms or ions are at the corners and in the center of an imaginary cube. |
| Face-centered cubic | A unit cell where the atoms or ions are arranged at the corners and in the center of each face of the imaginary cube. |
| sublimation | The change of a substance from a solid to a vapor without passing through the liquid state. |
| When does sublimation occure? | When a solid's vapor pressure that exceeds atmospheric pressure at or near room temperature. |
| phase diagram | A diagram that gives the conditions of temperature and pressure at which a substance that exists as a solid, liquid, or gas (vapor). |
| Triple point | Describes the only set of conditions at which all three phases can exist in equilibrium with one another. |
Created by:
hihello2007
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