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Anatomy Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| There are more than 600 muscles in the body | True |
| The muscle that extends and adducts the arm is the | latissimus dorsi |
| The soleus muscle is an example of what type of muscle | pennate |
| The covering of individual muscle fibers is the | endomysium |
| Skeletal musckles comprise what percentage of our weight? | 50% |
| Groups of skeletal muscle fibers are bound together by a connective tissue envelope called | perimysium |
| Latissimus dorsi is what type of muscle | spiral |
| Another name for prime mover | agonist |
| This is the site of communication between neurons. | synapse |
| The structural and functional center of the entire nervous system is the _____ nervous system. | central |
| Which of these glia cells are located in the peripheral nervous system? | Schwann cells |
| The afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system: | carry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain. |
| Most unipolar neurons are usually: | sensory neurons |
| Regeneration of nerve fibers will take place only if the cell body is intact and the fibers have: | a neurilemma |
| Interneurons reside in the: | CNS only |
| Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord consists primarily of: | cell bodies |
| The largest and most numerous types of neuroglia are the: | astrocytes |
| Which of the following compounds cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? A) Water B)Carbon dioxide C)Glucose D)Dopamine | D)Dopamine |
| One of the components of the blood-brain barrier is: | astrocytes |
| Dendrites conduct impulses _____ cell bodies. | towards |
| In the human nervous system: | there are almost equal numbers of glia cells and neurons. |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord? | 31 |
| A subdivision of the nervous system that regulates involuntary effectors is the _____ nervous system | autonomic |
| The enteric nervous system is made up of a complex network of nerve plexuses that control the visceral effectors in the | intestinal wall |
| The three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are the | medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons. |
| The lower end of the spinal cord, with its attached spinal nerve roots, gives the appearance of a horse’s tail called the | cauda equina |
| Individual nerves that emerge from the _____ plexus innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm. | brachial |
| The ventral rami of most spinal nerves subdivide to form complex networks called | plexuses |
| Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid occurs in the | choroid plexus |
| Dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the | gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord. |
| The two efferent divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the | sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. |
| The dorsal root of each spinal nerve is easily recognized as a swelling called the | dorsal root ganglion |
| The inner protective covering of the brain is called the | meninges |
| The large fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called the | ventricles |
| The pyramids are formed in the | medulla |
| Which part of the vertebral column has one more pair of nerves coming from it than it has vertebrae? | cervical |
| Nerve fibers of the spinothalamic tract are: | sensory |
| Visceral effectors are innervated by sympathetic fibers. | True |
| Effectors that have single innervation by the autonomic nervous system are innervated only by the parasympathetic division. | False |
| The sensory cranial nerves include only the | olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear |
| Receptors for hearing are located in the | cochlear duct |
| Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. | adrenal gland |
| The basilar membrane supports the | spiral organ |
| Endocrine gland of the thorax that is also important in immune function. | thymus gland |
| The nerve carrying taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the | facial |
| Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity in children. | calcitonin |
| Which endocrine gland stores enough of its hormone extracellularly to last several months? | the thyroid |
| Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone? | iodine |
| Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. | glucocorticoids |
| Largest purely endocrine gland in the body. | thyroid |
| Region of the hypophysis that contains secretory endocrine cells derived from the oral ectoderm | adenohypophysis |
| Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin | beta cells |
| Fluid filling the posterior segment of the eye. | vitreous humor |
| Melanin-containing layer of the eye's vascular tunic | choroid |
| Endolymph-filled structure containing receptors for hearing | cochlear duct |
| Transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelid | conjunctiva |
| Which of the following is not part of the flow of taste sensation along the gustatory pathway to the cerebral cortex? | hypothalamic appetite centers |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? | thyroid and parathyroid |
| The anatomical stalk of the pituitary is also known as | infundibulum |
| Bony labyrinth structure containing the utricle and saccule | vestibule |
| Gel-like structure embedded with the tips of cochlear hair cells | tectorial membrane |
| Membrane attached to the stapes | oval window |
| region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA | zona reticularis |
| Endolymph is made | in the stria vascularis |
| The hypophyseal portal veins are primarily located in the | infundibulum |
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system sends fibers to the heart? | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | it flows into the inferior vena cava |
| The outermost layer of the larger blood vessels is the tunica | adventitia |
| In _____, blood moves from veins to other veins or arteries to other arteries without passing through an intervening capillary network. | vascular anastomoses |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | hematocrit |
| Which sphincters function as regulatory valves that reduce the flow of blood through a network of capillaries when they contract and constrict the arterioles? | precapillary sphincters |
| The brachiocephalic vein drains blood from the | head, neck, and upper extremities. |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin |
| The heart valves that are located where the trunk of the pulmonary artery joins the right ventricle and where the aorta joins the left ventricle are called | semilunar valves |
| The normal ECG is composed of all of the following except a | E wave; it does contain a P wave, a QRS complex, and a T wave. |
| The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the | endothelium |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called | leukopenia |
| The _____ drains much of the superficial leg and foot. | great saphenous vein |
| Which types of arteries are also called conducting arteries and include the aorta? | elastic arteries |
| The molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment is | hemoglobin |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called | diapedesis |
| Microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins are | capillaries |
| The four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart are the | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers. |
| The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the | myocardium |
| The free edges of the atrioventricular valves are anchored to the | papillary muscles |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells |
| After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it enters the | left atrium |
| Platelets play an important role in | blood clotting |
| Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called | valves |
| Blood flow from the heart through blood vessels to all parts of the body and back to the heart is referred to as _____ circulation. | systemic |
| Which layer of the larger blood vessels is made up of endothelium? | tunica intima |
| Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood? | plasma |
| A disease that develops as a result of the reaction of a mother’s Rh antibodies with her Rh-positive baby is | erythroblastosis fetalis. |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | Antigen's epitopes fit into and bind to an antibody molecule's antigen-binding sites |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called | lymphokinetic activities |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are | fluid balance and immunity |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | effector T cells and memory cells |
| A tumor of the lymphoid tissue is called | lymphoma |
| Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called | tonsils |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | lacteals |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | natural killer cells |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body | thymocytes |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | Sebum, mucus, enzymes, hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa (all) |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center |
| Bean-shaped structures located at certain intervals along the lymphatic system are | lymph nodes |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense | skin |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | phagocytosis |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | clonal selection theory |
| Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of | prostaglandins |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called | diapedesis |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | interferon |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens | species resistance |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | thymus |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? | lymphotoxin |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | spleen |
| The function of surfactant is to | prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration |
| The small openings in the cribriform plate function to | allow branches of the olfactory nerve to enter the cranial cavity and reach the brain. |
| The approximate length of the trachea, or windpipe, is _____ cm. | 11 |
| Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? | distribute oxygen to cells |
| The largest of the paranasal sinuses is the | maxillary |
| Gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function, takes place in the | alveoli |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system |
| In the right lung, the superior and middle lobes are separated by the | horizontal fissure |
| Olfactory epithelium is found: | covering the superior turbinate. |
| Which of the following lists the correct sequence of air as it passes through the nose into the pharynx? | Anterior nares vestibule inferior, middle, and superior meatus posterior nares |
| Paranasal sinuses are normally filled with: | air |
| The more common name for the pharynx is the: | throat |
| The external openings to the nasal cavities can be referred to as: | nostrils, anterior nares, external nares. (all) |
| The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the: | oropharynx |
| oropharynx | trachea |
| Which of the following is not lined with a ciliated mucous membrane? | vestibule |
| The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called: | conchae |
| The lower border of the cavity of the larynx is formed by the: | cricoid cartilage |
| Which of the following is true of the cribriform plate? | It separates the nasal and cranial cavities |
| The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with a mucous membrane made up of _____ epithelium. | pseudostratified columnar |
| The small, leaf-shaped cartilage behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the | epiglottis |
| The eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the: | The eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the |
| Which of the following does not distribute air | alveolus |
| The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are: | bronchioles |
| Which of the following is true of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? | they serve in voice production |
| Microvilli can be found in the | Small and Large Intestine |
| Phagocytic cells lining liver sinusoids are called _____ cells. | Kupffer |
| The walls of the GI tract are composed of ____ layers of tissue. | four |
| An incision into the wall of the GI tract would cut, in order, from superficial to deep: | serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa |
| The substance that forms the outer covering of the neck and root of a tooth is: | cementum |
| The right angle between the transverse colon and the ascending colon is the | hepatic flexure |
| The type of tissue designed for absorption and secretion found throughout much of the GI tract is _____ epithelium | simple columnar |
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jculver
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