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Sociology
Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Culture | The values, norms, and material goods charasteristic of a given group |
| Culture | The ways of life of individual members or groups within a society |
| Material Culture | The physical objects that a society creates that influences the way in which people live |
| Symbiolic Culture | Values, norms, symbols, language |
| Values | Ideas held by individuals or groups about what is dersirable proper, good, and bad. This is strongly influenced by the specific culture in which they happen to live Individualism, honesty, equality, freedom, and democracy |
| Norms | Vary by culture, punctuality, space, adn time are culturally constructed |
| Symbol | One item used to stand for or represent another |
| Language | The primary vehicle of meaning and communication in a society, language is a system of symbols that represents objects and abstract thoughts |
| Nature | What people think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors |
| Nurture | Generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception, the product of exposure, experience, and learning on an individual |
| Sociobiology | An approach that attempts to explain the behavior of both animals and human beings in terms of biological principles |
| Gender | A primary way people organize the social world The socially-constructed characteristics of women and men, such as norms, roles, and relationships of and between groups of women and men |
| Sex | The different biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes, and hormones |
| Biological essentialism/Biological determinism | A view that challenges that gender differences between mena and women are natural and inevitable consequences of the intrinsic natures of men and women |
| Social Determinism | The theory that social interactions alone determine individual behavior (as opposed to biological or objective factors) |
| Intersectionality | A sociological perspective that holds that our multiple group memberships affect our lives in ways that are distinct from single group memberships |
| Gender Identity | An individuals's sense of being a man, woman, boy, girl, genderqueer, nonbinary, etc. This identity is not necessarily visible to others |
| Gender Expression | How one chooses to convey one's gender identity through behavior, clothing, and other external characteristics |
| Cisgender | Individuals whose gender identity matches his or her biological sex |
| Transgender | A person who identifies with a gender other than the one that was assigned to them at birth |
| Gender Non-Conforming | A person whose gender expresseion is not consistent with the societal or cultural norms expected of that gender |
| Intersex | A general term used to refer to individuals born with, or who develop naturally in puberty, biological sex characteristics that are not typically male or female |
| Differences in Sex Development | An inclusive umbrella term |
| Hegemonic Masculinity | Social nors dictating that men should be strong, self-reliant, and unemotional |
| Stereotype | A generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group |
| Queer | More fluid and inclusive than traditional categories for sexual orientation and gender identity |
| Race | A system that humans created to classify groups of people based on skin tone and other phenotypic characteristics |
| Ethinicity | Common culture, religion, history, or ancestry shared by a group of people |
| Social Construct | A concept that humans invented to help understand or justify some dimension of the social world |
| Racism | The attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics. A specific form of prejudice |
| Sick Role | Fuctionalist perspective holds that society functions smoothly when every system works together smoothly. Sickness is a dysfunction which disrupts the system |
| Sick Role | A term associated with the functionalist Talcott Parsons to describe the patterns of behavior that a sick person adopts to minimize the disruptive impact of their illness on others |
| Race-Based Health Inequalities | Black/white health disparities in every category expect suicide and drug overdose |
| Opiod Epidemic | Case and Deaton proposed a social theory, deaths of despair Three disease types are drug overdose, suicide, and alcoholic liver disease |
| Overall Health Patterns and Trends | Richer have better health, racial/ ethnic majority members have better health, and better educated have better health |
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