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Biochem. DNA and RNA

QuestionAnswer
What are the main differences between DNA and RNA ? DNA contains sugar deoxyribose (lacks 2'OH), and RNA contains ribose (contains 2' OH group). DNA contains thymidine (TTP) and is replaced by uridine (UTP) in RNA
What types of RNA are there ? Messenger RNA (mRNA) and two functional RNAs; Transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide ? Nucleosides consist of a nitrogenous base and a sugar, while nucleotides contain an additional phosphate group.
DNA is constructed from four building blocks, which building blocks are this ? Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) and Thymine (T)
What is the structure of DNA like ? right-handed double helix structure, backbones outside, bases on the inside.
What is the central dogma ? Explain as simple as possible The understanding DNA is used to make RNA (Transcription) and RNA is used to make proteins (Translation)
What is Translation ? The process where mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to produce a protein. Ribosomes read mRNA codons, each specifying an amino acid. tRNA molecules deliver the corresponding amino acids to the ribosome, where they are joined to form a protein.
What four bases make up RNA ? Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U)
In which direction are nucleotides read ? 5'-to- 3'
What is DNA polymerase ? Template-directing enzyme. Synthesises new DNA (Replication)
What does DNA polymerase require ? Primer, Metal ions, dNTP's
How does DNA polymerase work ? Matches up individual nucleotides to parental sequence to make sure they are a correct pair, then binds them
What is an primer ? Makes an handle so the DNA polymerase can attach to the single stranded DNA.
Briefly explain what DNA replication exists of. DNA souble strand is seperated by helicase. The DNA Polymerase can bind the single strand via a primer and DNA is synthesized in 5'-to- 3'direction. The Lagging strand is synthesized discontinously (Okazaki fragments)
Which enzyme is primarily used for transcription ? RNA Polymerase
How does RNA polymerase work ? Sigma unit binds promoter. RNA polys binds to a DNA temp. at the promoter region, unwinds the DNA double helix, and synthesizes a complementary RNA strand by adding nucleotides according to the template. It continues until it reaches a termination signal
What are codons ? Codons are three-nucleotide sequences on mRNA that specify a particular amino acid during protein synthesis.
What is an anticodon ? An anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides on a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on mRNA.
What is transcription ? Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template with RNA polymerase
What does RNA polymerase require ? Template DNA, activated precursor (ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP), divalent metal ion Mg2+
What are transcription factors? DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression. They often act as sensors
There are 2 types of transcription factors (TF), which are there ? explain them briefly. Repressor= TF that decreases transcription by binding to promoter's operator sequence and blocking RNA polymerase. Activator = Promoter-binding TF that increases transcription by promoting RNA polymerase binding
How is the double helix formed for DNA ? - Charge repulsion between the negative charges in the double backbone. - In the helix interior, stacked base paires interact through van de Waals contacts -Hydrophobic effect
What is the Wobble hypothesis ? The wobble hypothesis states that the third nucleotide in a codon can sometimes vary without affecting the specificity of the amino acid incorporated during protein synthesis.
What is tRNA ? Is a functional non-catalytic RNA (express functional RNA). tRNA decodes the mRNA by base-pairing via their anticodon triplet to the mRNA's codon triplet
What does mRNA ? Is a template for proteins synthesis (translation)
What is rRNA? Structural component of the ribosome, catalytic part
How can rRNA and tRNA be modified ? Nucleotides can be added to termini of the RNA chains. Bases and ribosome units of RNAs can be chemically modified Transcripts can be cleaved at specific sites along the sequence.
What are release factors (RF) ? Proteins that recognize stop codons (UAA, UGA, or UAG)
What asre ribosomes and what do they do ? Ribosomes are huge rRNA-protein complexise. They coordinate the interplay of aminoacyl tRNAs, mRNA and proteins
Where is aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (AARS) used for ? Are enzymes crucial for protein synthesis during translation. Catalyze the attachement of amino acids to their corresponding tRNA.
How can tRNA and rRNA be modified ? Nucleotides can be added to termini of RNA chains. Bases and ribsome units can be chemically modified. Transcripts can be cleaved at specific sites
Of what are the central components of the translation machinery made ? RNA
What is translation initiation ? The ribosome assembly at conserverd regulatory sequence, the ribosome binding site (RBS).
What are riboswitches ? Are regulatory elements in the non-coding regions of mRNA. Help cells respond to different conditions by adjusting witch genes are active.
Which key properties should a plasmid possess to facilitate efficient cloning and manipulation ? 1. Origin of replication 2. Selectable marker 3. Multiple cloning sites 4. Size 5. compatibility
What are the 4 steps of Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) ? 1. Denaturation: Reaction is heated to form 2 single strands DNA 2. Annealing: reaction is cooled allowing DNA primers to bind 3. Extension: Temperature is raised. DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands. 4. Repeat
What are key ingredients of PCR ? Template DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP), buffer, magnesium ions, thermal cycler
What is the isoelectric point (pI) ? pH at which the protein has no net charge
Created by: Joycexx
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