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Ashton Chapter 7
Human Geography Chapter 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Industry | Refers to the sector of the economy concerned with the production of goods, typically in factories and using machinery. It involves processing raw materials into finished products. |
| Industrial revolution | The transition from primarily agrarian societies to industrialized societies, characterized by the widespread use of machinery, especially in manufacturing. |
| Raw materials | the basic substances in their natural, unprocessed state that are used to make finished products. |
| Industrial belt | a region with a dense concentration of manufacturing industries. |
| Deindustrialize | the process of decline in industrial activity in a region or economy. This often involves the closure of factories and a shift towards a service-based economy. |
| Market | the arrangement where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods and services, often guided by supply and demand. |
| Cottage industry | small-scale production, often carried out in people's homes using traditional methods and tools. |
| Rust belt | a region in the United States, particularly the Northeastern and Midwestern states, that experienced a decline in heavy industry and manufacturing starting in the mid-20th century. |
| Primary sector | involves activities related to natural resources. This includes industries like agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, and extraction of raw materials. |
| Secondary sector | involves activities that transform raw materials into finished products. This sector is also known as the manufacturing sector. |
| Tertiary sector | sector involves services rather than goods. It includes a wide range of service industries such as retail, transportation, healthcare, education, entertainment, and hospitality. |
| Quaternary sector | sometimes considered a subset of the tertiary sector, focusing on knowledge-based activities. This includes information technology, research and development, education, and consultancy services. |
| Quinary sector | sector is the highest level of decision-making in a society or economy. It includes top executives or officials in government, business, education, and other fields who make decisions that affect the entire organization or society. |
| Multiplier effect | the idea that an initial amount of spending (investment, government expenditure, etc.) leads to increased consumption and production, creating a larger final impact on the economy than the initial amount spent. |
| Least cost theory | proposed by Alfred Weber, suggests that industries choose locations based on minimizing transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs to maximize profits. |
| Agglomeration economies | the benefits that firms gain by locating near each other in clusters or agglomerations. This can include shared infrastructure, a pool of skilled labor, access to suppliers, and knowledge spillovers. |
| Bulk-reducing industries | industries where the final product weighs less than the inputs. These industries tend to locate closer to raw material sources to reduce transportation costs. |
| Bulk-gaining industries | industries where the final product weighs more than the inputs. These industries tend to locate closer to the market to reduce transportation costs. |
| Bread of bulk | location where transfer among transportation modes is possible, typically involving a change from one mode of transportation to another. |
| Footloose | industry that can be placed and located at any location without any significant impact from factors such as resources or transport costs. |
| GNP Gross National Product | the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year, plus net income from abroad. |
| (GNI) Gross National Income | total income earned by a country's factors of production (its citizens, businesses, and gover.) regardless of where the assets are located. It is similar to GNP but includes income earned from abroad minus income earned domestically by non-residents. |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | total value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, usually a year. |
| Remittances | money that migrants send back to their home countries from abroad, often to support their families or for investment purposes. |
| Per capita | means "per person" and is used to express averages or totals in relation to the population of a country or region. |
| Purchasing power parity | a theory that adjusts exchange rates between countries to ensure that a good or service has the same purchasing power in different countries. |
| Formal sector | part of an economy that is legally recognized, regulated, and taxed by the government. These are jobs or economic activities that are officially recognized and monitored, often with regular wages, benefits, and protections for workers. |
| Informal sector | sector consists of economic activities that are not officially recognized, regulated, or protected by the government. These activities often involve self-employment or small unregistered businesses. |
| Gini coefficient | A measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent income or wealth distribution with a nation or region. Ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 reps perfect equality (everyone has the same income) and 1 reps perfect inequality (one person has all the income |
| Life expectancy | average number of years that a person can expect to live based on current mortality rates. |
| Literacy rate | percentage of people in a given population who can read and write. |
| Gender gap | differences between men and women, particularly in areas such as education, employment, and earnings. |
| Gender inequality index | a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievement between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and economic status. |
| Human development index | a composite index measuring average achievement in three basic aspects of human development: health (life expectancy at birth), education (mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling), and standard of living (GNI per capita). |
| Non-governmental organizations | private organizations that operate independently from government, often with a focus on social, environmental, or humanitarian objectives. |
| microcredit | lending of small amounts of money at low interest, typically to individuals who do not have access to traditional banking services. |
| States of economic growth model | A theoretical model by economist Walt Rostow describing a country's development in five stages: traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption. |
| World systems theory | A theory by Immanuel Wallerstein that divides the world into core countries (wealthy and developed), semi-periphery countries (partially industrialized), and periphery countries (least developed and often exploited). |
| Dependency model | A model suggesting that the poverty of certain countries is a result of their exploitation by wealthy countries, leading to a dependent relationship. |
| commodities | are raw materials or primary agricultural products that can be bought and sold, such as metals, crops, oil, and minerals. |
| Commodity dependence | a situation where a country's economy relies heavily on the export of one or a few commodities. |
| barter | the exchange of goods or services for other goods or services without using money. |
| Comparative advantage | the ability of an individual, group, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than others. |
| complementarity | the degree to which one place can supply something that another place demands. |
| freetrade | the flow of goods and services across international boundaries without significant government intervention. |
| neoliberalism | an economic philosophy that promotes free-market capitalism with limited government intervention, aiming for privatization, deregulation, and free trade. |
| Trading blocs | groups of countries that form an alliance to promote trade among themselves and sometimes set common tariffs and trade policies against non-member countries. |
| Mercosur | Mercado Común del Sur, is a trading bloc in South America. |
| World trade organization (wto) | international organization that regulates and facilitates international trade, aiming to reduce barriers and promote smooth trade relations between countries. |
| International monetary fund (imf) | an international organization that provides financial assistance and advice to countries facing economic difficulties. |
| outsourcing | a company hires another individual or company to perform tasks, handle operations, or provide services that could be or were traditionally done in-house. |
| Offshoring | the relocation of a business process or service to another country. This is often done to take advantage of lower labor costs or other favorable conditions in the new location. |
| reshoring | the practice of bringing back offshore jobs and facilities to the country of origin. |
| New international division of labor | the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries. |
| Basic economic activities | involve the extraction and production of raw materials and goods. These are usually the primary activities in an economy. |
| Non-basic economic activities | secondary or tertiary in nature, providing services or transforming raw materials into products for consumption. |
| Transnational corporations | large companies that operate in multiple countries, often with production facilities, sales, and other operations in different nations. |
| Multinational corporations | TNCs in that they operate in multiple countries, but the term often emphasizes the diverse cultural and national contexts in which they operate. |
| Export processing zones | designated areas within countries where companies can import materials duty-free, manufacture goods, and then export them with reduced tariffs. |
| Special economic zones | areas within a country that have more favorable economic regulations and incentives to attract foreign investment and boost economic development. |
| Maquiladoras | factories in Mexico that are run by foreign companies but are located close to the U.S. border to take advantage of lower labor costs in Mexico. |
| Free-trade zones | designated areas where tariffs and quotas on imports are reduced or eliminated to encourage economic activity and trade. |
| Post industrial economies | are those that have shifted away from manufacturing and toward a focus on services, technology, and information. |
| fordism | to the system of mass production and consumption characteristic of many industrialized countries in the 20th century, named after Henry Ford's assembly line. |
| Substitution principle | suggests that businesses will seek to maximize profit by substituting one factor of production for another as prices change. |
| Post fordism | the shift away from mass production to more flexible production systems, often emphasizing innovation, quality, and customization. |
| Just-in-time delivery | a method of production scheduling where goods arrive exactly when they are needed in the production process, reducing inventory costs. |
| Locational interdependence | is the influence that the location of one firm has on the location of other competing firms. |
| Agglomeration economies | the benefits that firms can enjoy by locating near each other, such as access to a skilled labor force or shared infrastructure. |
| technopoles | regions with clusters of high-tech industries and research institutions. |
| Growth poles | urban centers or regions that stimulate economic development in their surrounding areas |
| Spin-off benefits | positive outcomes that occur as a result of an initial economic activity, such as job creation or infrastructure development. |
| Backwash effects | negative impacts that occur in one region as a result of economic growth and development in another region. |
| Brown fields | abandoned or underused industrial and commercial sites where redevelopment is complicated by environmental contamination. |
| Rust belt | a region in the northeastern United States that was formerly known for its heavy industry but experienced decline and economic stagnation. |
| Corporate parks | areas specifically designed for offices and light industry, often with shared amenities and services. |
| sustainability | the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. |
| Sustainble development | development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, balancing economic, social, and environmental factors. |
| Ecological footprint | measures the amount of biologically productive land and water required to produce the resources a population consumes and to absorb the waste it generates. |
| ecotourism | involves responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people. |
| Sustainable development goals | are a set of 17 global goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. |
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jromanelli
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