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Final
Final Study Stacks Unit 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| White blood cell that is an agranulocyte: | Lymphocyte |
| Those with type B blood can donate to: | B, AB |
| Those with type A blood can donate to: | A, AB |
| Those with type AB blood can receive from: | A, B, AB, O |
| Those with type A blood can donate to: | A, AB |
| Those with type O blood can donate to: | A, B, AB, O |
| Type A blood can receive from: | A, O |
| A moving blood clot: | Embolus |
| Deepest layer of the pericardium also known as the innermost layer of the heart wall: | Visceral Pericardium |
| Universal donor blood: | O- |
| Those with type AB blood can donate to: | AB |
| Type AB+ blood has which antibodies in its plasma: | Neither anti-A nor anti-B |
| Blood vessels connected to the right atrium: | Inferior vena cava Superior vena cava Coronary sinus |
| Layer of the heart wall that is the thickest and contains cardiac muscles: | Myocardium |
| Antibodies that destroy by binding to specific antigens and deactivating them: | B Cells |
| Those with type B blood can receive from: | B, O |
| You are given the Polio vaccine as a child. This is an example of which type of immunity? | Artificially acquired active |
| A mother breast feeding her child is an example of which type of immunity? | Naturally acquired passive |
| What is the function of blood: | To transport nutrients and waste |
| Average life span of a red blood cell: | 120 days |
| Directly attack normal body cells that have been infected by foreign cells or viruses: | T cells |
| Red blood cell: | Erythrocyte |
| Your young child gets the chicken pox and recovers. This is an example of: | Naturally acquired active |
| In the normal sequence of blood flow, after crossing the tricuspid valve, blood should next enter the ____ next. | Right ventricle |
| Attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses and cancer cells: | NK cells |
| A bee stung me a minute ago, and now I'm finding it hard to breathe. This is a kind of: | Immediate hypersensitivity reaction (Type 1) |
| You are feeling a little under the weather so you go to the doctor. They administer antibiotics. This would be an example of which type of immunity? | Artificially acquired passive. |
| Those who lack the Rh antigen can donate to: | Both Rh negative and Rh positive |
| Directly attack normal body cells that have been infected by foreign cells or viruses. | T cells |
| Antibodies that destroy by binding to specific antigens and deactivating them. | B Cells |
| Blood has just entered the left atrium. What structure will it travel through next on its way through the heart? | Bicuspid valve |
| Lymph movement is mainly due to: | Pressure from contracting skeletal muscles |
| Type of vessel mainly involved with nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between blood and interstitial fluid: They connect one blood vessel to another. | Capillary |
| Blood just entered the pulmonary arteries. What structure will it travel through next? | Lungs |
| Genetically based anemia that involves mutant hemoglobin and abnormally shaped red blood cells: | Sickle cell |
| Blood has just entered the left ventricle. What structure will it travel through next on its way through the heart? | Aortic valve |
| Word segment that means "self": | Auto- |
| Word segment that means "fluid": | Humor- |
| White blood cell that stimulates inflammation and hemostasis by releasing histamine and heparin to promote inflammation: | Basophil |
| Immun/o: | Protected; safe |
| Tox/o | poison |
| sacro | flesh |
| Tachy | fast; rapid |
| Thrombo | clot |
| Leuko | white |
| Carcin/o | cancer |
| -plasm | Formation |
| Phleb/o | vein |
| Phag/o | eat; swallow |
| Middle layer of a blood vessel: | Tunica media |
| A non-disease causing agent that stimulates an immune response: | Allergen |
| A disease causing organism: | Pathogen |
| A heart attack is also known as: | Myocardial infarction |
| Hemo-: | blood |
| Accumulation of plaque in a blood vessel: | Atherosclerosis |
| Which blood vessel connects arteries to veins | Capillaries |
| Main oxygen carrying molecule in blood: | Hemoglobin |
| You take your child for their annual shots and they are given the MMR vaccination. This is an example of which type of immunity? | Artificially acquired active |
| Study in detail the labeled | heart |
| Separates the right and left sides of the heart: | Septum |
| Lower chambers of the heart: | Ventricles |
| Clumping of RBCs | Agglutination |
| First line of defense for bacteria entering respiratory or digestive system | tonsils |
| Upper chambers of the heart | atrium |
| Filter lymph | lymph nodes |
| Fight off infection | leukocytes |
| Saclike mass in upper abdominal cavity | spleen |
| Carry gasses | erythrocytes |
| Expressed on the surface or blood cell | antigens |
| The right side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood. This route of circulation is called: | Cardiopulmonary (pulmonary) |
| Long-term immunity is mainly a function of _____ lymphocytes. | memory |
| Main site of B-cell maturation: | Bone Marrow |
| Oxygenated blood has just returned from the lungs. What is the order the blood will flow after the lungs? | Pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> bicuspid valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> body |
| Autoimmune disease where antibodies attack insulin producing pancreatic calls: | Type 1 diabetes |
| As a child you get chicken pox and now you are permanently resistant. This is an example of which type of immunity? | Naturally acquired active |
| An abnormal heart sound caused by the back flow of blood through a faulty valve. Creates a swooshing sound: | Murmur |
| Oxygenated blood is traveling from the lungs towards the heart. What structure will travel through before it travels through the bicuspid valve? | Left atrium |
| Blood has just entered the right atrium. What structure will it travel through next on its way to the heart? | Tricuspid valve |
| Average life span of a red blood cell: | 120 days |
| Main site of T-cell maturation: | Thymus |
| What is systole? | Contraction phases of the heart |
| What is diastole? | Relaxation phases of the heart |
| Plasma: | Fluid portion, transports nutrients, gas, hormones Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance |
| RBC: | Transports gas |
| WBC: | Fights off infection |
| Platelets: | Clotting |
| Granular: | Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils |
| Agranular: | Monocytes Lymphocytes |
| How does the Rh factor impact pregnancy? | The mom is Rh- with a Rh+ baby during her first pregnancy her body will develop antibodies against the Rh+ antigen. If she is pregnant again with a Rh+ baby, she must take the RhoGAM shot to protect her fetus to prevent her body from attacking the fetus |
| Pulmonary Circuit: | Transports oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs; Right side |
| Systemic Circuit: | Transports oxygen-rich blood from heart to all body cells; Left side |
| Epicardium: | Outermost layer (thin) |
| Myocardium: | Middle layer (thick); cardiac muscle tissue |
| Endocardium: | Innermost layer (thin); forms inner lining of all heart chambers |
| Arteries: | Carry blood away from the heart, carry oxygenated blood, has three layers, strongest out of 3 blood vessels |
| Veins: | Carry blood towards the heart, thinner than arteries, carry deoxygenated blood, walls are less elastic. |
| Capillary: | Smallest out of the 3 major blood vessels, connect arteries to veins, have tiny holes which allow blood to exit, only open while the organ is active. |
| What does the term autoimmunity mean? | When the immune system recognizes itself as foreign and attacks. |
| What are some examples of autoimmune disorders? | Lupus Rheumatoid arthritis Hypersensitivity |
| What is the major difference between passive and active immunity? | Passive immunity is temporary and active immunity is permanent. |
| Where are the 9 different pulses? | Radial Femoral Carotid Facial Popliteal Posterior tibial Brachial Dorsalis Pedis Temporal |
| A semisolid mass of food on the way to the stomach is called | Bolus |
| What is the largest organ in your body? | Liver |
| Major function of lips: | Keep food in your face |
| Digestive organ that is also part of the respiratory system: | Mouth |
| What is the feather shaped organ located behind the stomach. | Pancreas |
| Large intestine mainly absorbs ____ in order to form more compact solid feces. | Water |
| Air just traveled over the larynx. What structure will enter next on the way to the lungs? | Trachea |
| Innermost portion of the tooth that is highly vascularized and innervated: | Pulp cavity |
| Major secretion of the large intestine: | Mucus |
| A network of alveoli surrounded by capillaries is called: | Alveolar sac |
| At the tip of each bronchiole are air sacs called: | Alveoli |
| Chemical digestion of carbohydrates and lipids begins in the: | Mouth |
| Moving air into lungs: | Inspiration |
| Most accurate sequence of air flow into the lungs: | Trachea > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Alveoli |
| Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest inhalation possible: | Vital capacity |
| Serves as the passageway for both food and air: | Pharynx |
| Major functions of the pancreas: | Make digestive enzymes Make hormones Make bicarbonate |
| Major functions of saliva: | Moisten and lubricate food to make swallowing possible Control pH and rinse oral cavity to help protect tooth enamel Dissolve food to make tasting possible |
| Sphincter located between the stomach and small intestine: | Pyloric |
| Food just left the stomach what structure will it travel through next on the way through the body? | Small intestine |
| Finger-like projections of the small intestine that absorb nutrients and increase surface area: | Villi |
| Mechanical digestion of the food begins in the: | Mouth |
| Air in the plural space: | Pneumothorax |
| Considered the main breathing muscle: | Diaphragm |
| Increasing tension on the vocal cords: | Changes vocal pitch (frequency) |
| As we swallow, the ____ closes off the opening to the ____ | Soft palate; nasal cavity |
| Sound production occurs here: | Larynx |
| Breathing functions to: | Deliver oxygen to cells, where it takes part in the reactions of cellular respiration that liberate energy from nutrient molecules and get rid of carbon dioxide, which maintains the pH. |
| A semifluid mixture food on the way to the small intestine is called: | Chyme |
| Clearance of particles from the alveoli mainly involves: | Macrophage activity |
| Major function of bile: | Emulsify fats for enhances fat digestion by pancreatic and intestinal enzymes. |
| Food has just left the large intestine. What structure will it travel through next? | Rectum |
| Volume of air that remains in the lungs no matter how hard you try to exhale: | Residual volume |
| Pathological reflux (heartburn) occurs when acid backs up through the: | Cardiac sphincter |
| Urine is stored in: | The bladder |
| During an erection the erectile tissue of the penis fills with: | Blood |
| The hormone of ovulation: | LH |
| Muscle in the urinary bladder wall: | Detrusor |
| Fundus, body, and cervix are all parts of the: | Uterus |
| Renal pyramids are located in the | Renal medulla |
| Indention of the kidney where blood vessels and ureter enter and exit | Hilum |
| Most water intake occurs through | Drinking beverages |
| From the urinary bladder, urine travels to the outside via the: | Urethra |
| Causes the appearance of most male secondary sex characteristics: | Testosterone |
| Functional unit of the kidney: | Nephron |
| Sex cells divide through a process called mitosis, PMAT only occurs once and each cell has a total of 46 chromosomes. | False |
| Process of releasing urine to the outside: | Micturition |
| Site of most water and sodium reabsorption: | Convoluted tubule |
| Organ in females that is homologous (counterpart) to the testis in males: | Ovary |
| The process during sperm and egg creation which involves reducing the number of chromosomes by half: | Meiosis |
| Pouch-like organ that stores the testes and adjusts their proximity to the body based on temperature: | Scrotum |
| The enzyme released by the sperm head to help with oocyte penetration: | Hyaluronidase |
| Where does fertilization occur in the female productive tract? | Fallopian tube |
| A passageway for both urine and semen in males: | Urethra |
| Outermost portion of the kidney: | Cortex |
| Number of functional egg cells created from one primary oocyte (precursor cell) during oogenesis | One |
| The majority of the nephrons are located in the medulla of the kidney | False |
| Connects epididymis to ejaculatory duct: | Vas deferens |
| Urine is produced in the: | Kidney |
| Number of functional sperm cells created from one primary spermatocyte (precursor cell) during spermatogenesis: | Four |
| Upon dehydration, receptors in the hypothalamus often trigger: | Thirst |
| When the testes fail to drop this condition is called: | Cryptorchidism |
| Change in life when a woman no longer produces ova, estrogen, or progesterone. | Menopause |
| Most water output occurs through: | Urine |
| Structure inside the testes that makes sperm cells: | Seminiferous tubule |
| Each kidney works to it's full potential. | False |
| Innermost portion of the kidney: | Medulla |
| Complete; through | dia |
| Hernia; tumor; cyst | cele |
| Drooping down | ptosis |
| Bladder | cysto |
| Renal pelvis | pyelo |
| Surgical fixation | pexy |
| Glomerulus | Glomerulo |
| External opening of the urethra | meatus |
| What are the 2 tracts of the respiratory system? What does each tract consist of? | Upper Respiratory Tract (Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx) Lower Respiratory Tract (Larynx, Trachea, Bronchial Tree, Lungs) |
| List and describe different types of breathing | Hyperventilation rapid; deep breathing Orthopnea SOB when you lie down Tachypnea fast; hallow breathing Hyperpnea fast; deep breathing Eupnea = normal breathing Apnea no breathing for more than 5 seconds Dyspnea abnormal; difficult breathing |
| What is the purpose of the Hering-Breur Reflex? | Hering-Breur Reflex keeps the lungs from over-inflating with inspired air. Stops lungs from popping like a balloon |
| What is the Neural Pathway of the Hering-Breur Reflex? | Message sent from lungs to the medulla -> Inhalation stops and starts expiration. |
| What is another name for the Pharynx? | Throat |
| What are the 3 portions of the Pharynx? | Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx |
| What are the primary functions of the pharynx? | The pharynx is the passageway for food and air and aids in sound production. |
| Marasmus | Lack of calories and protein |
| Kwashiorkor | Protein starvation |
| Anorexia Nervosa | self imposed eating disorder; self-starvation |
| Bulimia | self imposed eating disorder; binge and purge cycles |
| What is the most common cause of nutritional disorders? | Caloric Imbalances are the most common cause of nutritional disorders |
| List the 5 Food Groups with 2 examples of each | Fruits- Apples & strawberries Grains– Whole grains (Brown rice) & Refined Grains (Cornbread) Vegetables – Dark Green (broccoli) Red & Orange (Squash) Beans & Peas (Black Beans) Starchy (Corn, Green peas) Protein –Beef & Chicken Dairy Milk, Cheese |
| What is Digestion? | Chemical breakdown of food into smaller substances |
| Mechanical Digestion | Breaks down large particles into smaller ones but does not change chemical composition |
| Chemical Digestion | Breaks down food particles by changing them into simpler chemicals |
| Components of the Alimentary Canal | Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus |
| Accessory organs | Teeth Tongue Salivary glands Liver Gall bladder pancreas |
| Peristalsis | moves the food in direct from mouth to anus, in the large intestine |
| Mixing movements | Happen by small sections of muscles contracting rhythmically but do not move material in one direction. |
| What are gonads? | Gonads are the medical term for sex glands. |
| What do gonads produce in men? | The male sex gonad is testis they produce testosterone and androgens. (little estrogen less than woman) |
| What do gonads produce in females? | Female sex gonads are ovaries the produce egg, estrogen and progesterone. (Lower testosterone than man) |
| List the steps in sperm penetration of the egg/ fertilization. | -Sperm travels to the Fallopian tube & locates the egg. -sperm head releases enzyme called hyaluronidase -sperm chips away the epithelial cells & fall off -sperm penetrates the plasma membrane -nuclei of sperm and egg fuse resulting in fertilization. |
| What role does hyaluronidase play in sperm penetration? | It's an enzyme that helps sperm penetrate the epithelial layer around the egg wall. |
| What is Cryptorchidism and what happens if left untreated? | If the testes do not descend into the scrotum they cannot produce sperm cells because the temperature in the abdominal cavity is too high. If left untreated, the cells that normally produce sperm cells degenerate, causing infertility |
| List to describe the three processes in Urine Formation? | Filtration: of fluid from the fenestrated glomerular capillaries. Reabsorption: pumping useful substance from urine to the blood Secretion: pumping waste from blood into urine |
| What is the process of flow for Urine? | Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters, collects in the bladder, and is then excreted through the urethra. |
| What is Menstruation? What age does it begin? How often does it occur? | Characterized by regular, recurring changes in the endometrium of the uterus, which culminates in menstrual bleeding. This begins ab age 13- 50s. The uterus sheds the unfertilized egg & the uterine lining. The process starts over. It occurs every 28 days. |
| What is the first period called? | Menarche |
| What is menopause? | 1 year no period typically happens at ages 45 to 55 years old. |
| Where is the prostate gland located? | It surrounds the neck of the bladder. |
| What does the prostate release? | A musky, milky white, alkaline fluid. |
| What does the prostate do? | It contracts during an erection blocking the pathway of urine allowing semen to pass. |
| What do shift changes interrupt? | Homeostasis |
| What is micturition? | Urine leaving the bladder. |
| How does micturition happen? | The detrusor and abdominal muscles contract. The external urethral sphincter relaxes, and urine exits. Stretch receptors signal reflex center to stimulate micturition. |
| What is the bladder capacity? | The bladder holds 600mL, but you desire 150mL and the bladder is considered full at 300mL. |
| What is the first step of Urine Formation? | Filtration of fluid from the fenestrated glomerular capillaries |
| What is the process of flow for Urine? | Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters, collects in the bladder, then excreted through the urethra. |
| What two types of buffer systems are used to maintain the PH concentration of body? | Chemical and physiological buffer systems |
| Describe the difference between acidosis and alkalosis and give the PH range for each. | Acidosis- accumulation of acids or loss of bases. PH below 7.35 Alkalosis- results from a loss of acids or accumulation of bases. PH above 7.45 |
| Hyperventilation | Rapid; deep breathing |
| Orthopnea | SOB when you lie down |
| Tachypnea | fast; hollow breathing |
| Hyperpnea | Fast; deep breathing |
| Eupnea | Normal breathing |
| Apnea | No breathing for more than 5 seconds |
| Dyspnea | Abnormal; difficult breathing |
| Word segment that means "navel": | Umbil- |
| Word segment that means "color" | Chromo- |
| Word segment that means "to divide": | Cleav- |
| Word segment that means "other": | Hetero- |
| Short segment of DNA that encodes the information to make a specific protein | Gene |
| Word segment that means "well fed": | Troph- |
| When a sperm cell fertilizes and egg cell, the resulting cell is called a: | Zygote |
| To fertilize an egg, enzymes in the sperm _______ help digest a tunnel through the corona radiata: | Acrosome |
| Pregnancy hormonal marker that is only made during pregnancy: | hCG |
| Hollow ball of cells that implants into the uterus: | Blastocyst |
| Stage of human development when the capability of sexual reproduction first appears: | Adolescence |
| The first true diploid cell of the future baby: | Zygote |
| Solid ball of cells on its way to the uterus: | Morula |
| Word segment that means "same": | Homo- |
| At the end of week _____ the embryonic stage has ended and the fetal stage has begun. | 8 |
| Variant form of a gene: | Allele |
| If 1 egg is fertilized by 1 sperm, and the resulting cell splits to make 2 individuals, you will have: | Identical twins |
| Amniotic fluid is useful for fetal: | Protection |
| XX is a female genotype, _____ is another female genotype | XO |
| Stage when all 3 germ layers of the embryonic disc become evident: | Gastrula |
| Segment of DNA that codes for a protein: | Gene |
| The longest stage of postnatal life: | Adulthood |
| In the fetus, the ductus _____ connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. | Arteriosus |
| The complete set of genes for an organism: | Genome |
| The study of inheritance of characteristics: | Genetics |
| A hybrid organ composed of fetal and maternal tissues: | Placenta |
| Missing or gaining an extra chromosome (e.g. trisomy 21) is known as: | Aneuploidy |
| Fetal circulation tends to bypass the liver and: | Lungs |
| Physical appearance | Phenotype |
| Chart displaying the 23 chromosomes pairs in size order | Karyotype |
| Alleles that are normal in function or most common | Wild type allele |
| Combination of genes | Genotype |
| 2 different alleles | Heterozygous |
| 2 identical alleles | homozygous |
| Non sex chromosomes | Autosomes |
| Uncommon phenotypes | Mutant alleles |
| Everyone who inherits disease causing alleles expresses the phenotype | Complete penetrance |
| A single gene producing several phenotypic traits | Pleiotropy |
| Some individuals do not express the phenotype even though they have the alleles | Incomplete penetrance |
| Phenotype varies in intensity | Variable expressivity |
| Table used to predict probabilities of genotype in off springs for certain traits | Punnett squares |
| When off springs does not express a dominant of recessive allele | Incomplete dominance |
| Inheritance where both alleles are equally expressed | Codominance |
| All or none expression of a genotype in a person | Penetrance |
| Diagram showing family relationships, and known genotypes and phenotypes for each family member | Pedigree |
| What is the definition of Polygenic Trait and examples? | Traits determined by more than one gene. Also known as “continuous variation”. Examples include height, skin color, and eye color. |
| What is the Human Genome Project? Why is it good? | Ambitious research aimed at deciphering chemical makeup of entire human genetic code. Good, identifies genes affected by disease & inherited disorders. 99% human nucleotide bases are same, 1.4 mill Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. |
| What does SNP locate? | SNPs locate disease-associated sequences on chromosomes |
| What is the definition of Developments? What are the different types of development and its time frame? | Development is a gradual modification of physical and physiological characteristics from conception to maturity. -Embryological: first 2 months after fertilization -Fetal: 9th week until birth- Prenatal: before birth -Postnatal: birth-maturity |
| What are the Changes of mother during pregnancy? | Trophoblast cells secrete hCG. hCG maintains corpus luteum. Corpus luteum continues to secrete estrogens and progesterone. Estrogen and progesterone promote growth, development, and maintenance of uterine wall. |
| What are the stages of birth? | Position fetus before birth Dilation begin labor cervix dilates amnion may rupture Expulsion stage cervix pushed open by fetus Placental stage building muscle tension in walls of uterus pulling placenta from uterine wall result in ejection of placenta |
| Name three types of multiple births and describe each | Dizygotic twins (fraternal): Different DNA Monozygotic twins (identical): Same DNA Conjoined twins (Siamese): genetically identical twins that share an organ. |
| What are the stages of postnatal development? | The neonatal period Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Senescence Dying is part of life cycle |
| What is senescence? Name three processes of senescence. | Immune responses weaken May lose some intellectual functions Sensory functions decline. |
| What is the neonatal phase of development? and what happens during this phase of development? | Beginning of birth, the first 4 weeks of the babies’ life. The newborn begins to carry on respiration, obtain and digest nutrients, excretes wastes, regulate body temp and make cardiovascular adjustments. |
| What is the difference between autosome and a sex chromosome? | Autosome determines the traits but not the sex. While Sex chromosomes determine the gender XX females, XY males. |
| What is the difference between Homozygous and Heterozygous? Give examples of each. | Homozygous is 2 identical alleles. TT Heterozygous is 2 different alleles. Tt |
| What is a Punnett square used for? How is it set up? | Used to predict probabilities of genotypes in offspring for certain traits. It consists of 4 boxes. Mother alleles are listed above the box and fathers are on the side. Each box represents a possible combination of alleles at fertilization |
| What are the different types of development and their functions? | Fertilization: fusion of sperm & egg; Cleavage: division begins immediately after fertilization; Implantation: embryo attaches uterus; Maturity: full development/completed growth; Inheritance: transfer genetically determined; characteristics from gen-gen |
| What is the function of HCG? | To maintain the corpus luteum which stops reproductive cycles. |
| When are HCG level high? | First two months then declines as the placenta takes over production of estrogens and progesterone. |
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