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11.3 Kidney
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define excretion | removal of waste products of metabolic activities from the body |
| outline the waste from birds | uric acid |
| outline the waste from fish | ammonia |
| outline the waste from mammals | urea |
| define osmoregulation | control of water and salt balance in a living organism |
| distinguish between osmoregulators and osmoconformers | Osmoregulators spend energy to keep their water balance constant while osmoconformers do not spend energy and retain the same osmolarity as their environment. |
| describe osmoregulation and regulation of nitrogenous waste in insects | -connected to the digestive system -uses Malpighian tubule system uric acid from blood eliminated out anus with feces |
| define nephron | filtering and functional unit of the kidney |
| function of the parts of a nephron | Afferent A: blood into Nep Efferent A: blood from Nep Glomerulus: capil Bowman's: collects filtrate PCT: majority selective REA DCT: final selective REA Vasa Recta: capillaries reabsorb filtrate Loop: salt gradient in medulla Collecting: osmoreg |
| location of ultrafiltration | glomerulus and Bowman's capsule |
| describe the process of ultrafiltration | -occurs in the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule in the nephron. High pressure (glomerulus) slows blood down and forces it against the basement membrane of bowman’s capsule. Molecules such as water and glucose will travel into Bowman’s capsule as filtrate. |
| State the location where the majority of selective reabsorption occurs in the nephron | proximal convoluted tubule |
| Describe the function of the loop of henle | creates salt gradient in medulla (osmoregulation) |
| State the salt concentration in the medulla (high or low) | high salt |
| State the salt concentration in the cortex (high or low) | low salt |
| Describe the role of antidiuretic hormone | -released in response to dehydration -posterior pituitary -increases permeability of collecting duct -more water is reabsorbed into medulla -less water in urine = concentrated urine |
| Explain the role of the kidney in maintaining water balance in humans. | -osmoregulation - water balance -loop and collecting -water - proximal convoluted tubule -medulla = more salty -loop proceeds down - water drawn -collecting also -ADH - dehydration -collecting duct - concentrated urine -less ADH - dilute urine |
| Outline consequences of overhydration and dehydration | Overhydration: -blurred vision -excessive clear urination Dehydration: -dry skin -rapid heart beat |
| Outline the concentrations of proteins, glucose, and urea between the blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine | Proteins: -blood only -cannot pass into Bowman’s Glucose: -blood and filtrate -passes into Bowman’s -reabsorbed into body (PCT) Urea: -blood, filtrate, and urine -passes into Bowman’s -mostly not reabsorbed, becomes a part of urine |
| Describe the presence of glucose in the urine of untreated diabetic patients | Not all glucose is able to be reabsorbed at proximal and distal convoluted tubules. The microvilli become saturated with glucose and therefore some travels into urine. |
| State treatments for kidney failure | transplant or dialysis |
Created by:
luciepike
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