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NURS 319: Hematology
Chapter Chapters 12-14 Hematology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Red blood cells | carry oxygen, male: 4.5 to 5.5 million and female: 4.0 to 5.5 million, life span 120 days, biconcave disc, red, found in bone marrow |
| white blood cells | fight infection, 4,000 to 10,000 cells/mcL, 12-20 days, round shape, colorless/ light purple, found in blood and lymph tissue |
| platelets | blood clotting, 90,000 to 450,000, 7-10 days, discoid shape, gold, found in blood and spleen |
| hematopoiesis | process of blood cell production |
| a pluripotent cell can differentiate into | myeloid stem cell or lymphoid stem cell |
| a myeloid stem cell can differentiate into | erythroblasts, megakaryoblasts, myeloblasts, monoblasts |
| a lymphoid stem cell can differentiate into | lymphoblasts |
| a erythroblast can differentiate into | reticulocyte |
| a megakaryoblast can differentiate into | megakaryocyte |
| a myeloblast can differentiate into | basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils |
| a lymphoblast can differentiate into | b-lymphocyte or t-lymphocyte |
| a reticulocyte can differentiate into | erythrocyte |
| a megakaryocyte can differentiate into | thrombocyte |
| function of basophils | elevate during parasitic infections and allergies |
| function of eosinophils | elevate during infection and inflammation |
| function of neutrophils | release enzymes to destroy microorganisms, releasing free radicals |
| functions of monocytes | phagocytosis, cytokine synthesis |
| what measures the numbers of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets and their indices | composition of blood |
| protein on the red blood cell that carries oxygen to the body's cells and CO2 from organs to the lungs | hemoglobin |
| how is hemoglobin measured | mean corpuscular hemoglobin level |
| volume or proportion of RBCs in the blood | MCHC level |
| Mean corpuscular volume measures | the size of RBCs tells you the type of anemia present in the blood |
| MCHC measures the amount of | Hemoglobin a single RBC has related to the volume of the cell |
| mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MHC) is the measure of the average amount of _____ contained in each RBC | mass |
| low MCHC | anemia |
| high MCHC | hemoglobin elevation |
| low MCH | iron-deficient anemia |
| high MCH | RBCs too big from pernicious anemia |
| arrest of bleeding | hemostasis |
| 3 things that play a role in hemostasis | 1. vasoconstriction 2. platelet plug formation 3. blood coagulation |
| when hemostasis goes wrong | 1. primary hemostasis 2. secondary hemostasis |
| primary hemostasis | blockage of blood flow |
| secondary hemostasis | loss of blood |
| steps of hemostasis | bleeding constrict vessels to minimize blood flow platelets go to injury to try and plug the bleed fibrin formation blood clots |
| when vessel tissue is damaged platelets are "called" to the area of damage by the release of | von Willebrand factor |
| 3 steps to platelet plug formation (clot formation) | 1. endothelial injury exposes collagen and releases vWF 2. Glycoprotein binds fibrinogen- enhances platelet buildup 3. platelets release thromboxane a2, brings more platelets over |
| what is the intrinsic pathway responsible for | forming a clot when superficial damage occurs to the epithelial tissue |
| intrinsic pathway stimulating factor | 12 |
| the intrinsic pathway has less | clotting factors than the common pathway |
| the final/ common pathway | where intrinsic and extrinsic join together |
| lab values that determine how long it takes for pathways to respond | calcium and potassium |
| pathway responsible for forming a clot when damage occurs through the wall of the blood vessel | extrinsic pathway |
| extrinsic pathway starts with the release of what factor | 7 |
| common pathway starts actual production of | tissue |
| factor x stimulates factor Va, which stimulates | prothrombin to become thrombin |
| thrombin stimulates the production of | fibrinogen |
| fibrinogen converts to | fibrin |
| fibrin does what | combines with platelets and collagen to form a clot |
| if clots do not break down, they will continue to grow and block a blood vessel, this is called | deep vein thrombosis |
| a clot can also break off and travel elsewhere in the body. this is called | pulmonary embolism (in lungs) |
| fibrinolysis | dissolution of a clot |
| what is released to begin fibrinolysis | fibrin |
| if the clot is an extravascular clot, then what is released to start the breakdown process | tissue plasminogen activator |
| fibrin and tissue plasminogen activator activate | plasminogen |
| plasminogen activates | conversion to plasmin |
| plasmin along with fibrin degradation products break down | clots |
| test that checks for blood clots | D-dimer |
| two causes of clotting disorders | platelet number and coagulation activity |
| erythropoiesis | formation of RBCs |
| where does erythropoiesis occur? | bone marrow |
| why does erythropoiesis occur? | replace RBCs as they're filtered |
| what condition would cause erythropoiesis to occur? | hypoxia |
| what is bilirubin? | yellow pigment that is leftover from bile and supposed to be excreted |
| which organ gets rid of bilirubin | liver |
| conjugated bilirubin | soluble in water, can be excreted in urine |
| unconjugated bilirubin | water insoluble |
| yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes | jaundice |
| jaundice indicates dysfunction of the | liver |
| abnormally low number of circulating RBCs or hemoglobin (or both) | anemia |
| anemia causes diminished | oxygen carrying capacity |
| anemia symptoms | GI tract blood loss, heavy periods, tachycardia, jaundice, splenomegaly |
| leukopenia | decreased leukocytes |
| neutropenia | decreased neutrophils |
| agranulocytosis | neutrophil count is less than 100 neutrophils per mcL of blood |
| neutropenia symptoms | fever, chills, sore throat, abdominal pain, pain near the anus |
| what is hodgkin's disease? | b cell malignancy |
| what age group do you see hodgkin's disease most? | 15-20 years old and over 55 |
| hodgkin's disease symptoms | enlarged lymph nodes |
| what makes hodgkin's disease stand out? | owl eye B cell appearance |
| what is non-hodgkin's disease | B. T or NK cell malignancy |
| which is more common? hodgkins or non-hodgkins? | non-hodgkins |
| symptoms of non-hodgkins disease | enlarged, painless lymph nodes, chromosomal translocation of 14 and 18 |
| chronic myelogenous leukemia | overproduction of mature myeloid cells anemia, increased infection, increased bleeding, high WBC |
| acute myelogenous leukemia | proliferation of undifferentiated myeloid blast cells symptoms typical of leukemia |
| chronic lymphocytic leukemia | B-cell malignancy leukemia symptoms |
| acute lymphocytic leukemia | immature T or B cells and chromosomal/ genetic alterations anemia, increased bleeding, enlarged lymph nodes. splenomegaly, increased infection risk, bone pain |
| leukemia symptoms | fever/chills, fatigue/ weakness, frequent/ severe infections, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver, enlarged spleen, easy bleeding/ bruising, recurrent nosebleeds, petechiae |
Created by:
lcorlew1
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