Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Nightingale College
Physiology Weeks 1 - 7 Assignment 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The relatively constant state maintained by the body is known as | Homeostasis |
| The processes for maintaining or restoring homeostasis are known as | Homeostatic control mechanisms |
| Local control or ____________, intrinsic mechanisms often make use of chemical systems. | Autoregulation |
| What term describes a signal traveling toward a particular center or point of reference? | Afferent |
| Because negative feedback control systems oppose changes that are opposite in direction to the initial disturbance, they are | Slowed or maintained in the homeostatic range |
| Events that lead to an immune response to an infection or the formation of a blood clot are examples of | Positive feedback |
| The concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow is called | Feed-forward |
| Extrinsic control usually involves which mode of regulation? | Nervous and endocrine |
| Many complex processes of the body are coordinated at many levels. These include | Intracellular, intrinsic,and extrinsic |
| The body naturally changes some set points to different values at different times of the day. These daily cycles are called | Circadian cycles |
| The normal reading or range is called the | Set point |
| The impact of effector activity on sensors may be positive or negative. therefore, homeostatic control mechanisms are categorized as | Organs that are directly influenced by physiological variables or mechanisms |
| Which level of control operates at the cell level, often using genes and enzymes to regulate cell function | Intracellular regulation |
| Effectors can be described as | Organs that directly influence controlled physiological variables |
| To accomplish self-regulation, a highly complex and integrated communication control system or network is required. This type of network is called a | Feedback control loop |
| Which of the following is a basic component of every feedback control loop | Sensor mechanism, integrating center, effector, and feedback |
| All of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease | Environment, stress and lifestyle |
| Negative feedback control systems | Oppose a change |
| Homeostasis can best be described as | A state of relative constancy |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called | Viruses |
| Which of the following is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | Prion |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | Accelerate a change |
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative- feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions? | Oxytocin would inhibit uterine contractions |
| Epidemiology is the study of the ___________ of diseases in human populations | Occurrence, distribution, transmission |
| Intrinsic control is: | Sometimes called autoregulation |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: | The body trying to maintain homeostasis and a negative-feedback mechanism |
| Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? | Transmitter |
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of ____________ feedback | Positive |
| The term that means self- immunity is: | Autoimmunity |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as | The course of disease development |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms | 1) minimize changes in blood glucose levels. 2)maintain. 3)are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature |
| The body’s thermostat is located in the | Hypothalamus |
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex | Tapeworms |
| The form of energy that cells generally use | ATP |
| DNA and RNA are important because | Information molecules |
| What term is often used to describe certain arrangements of atoms attached to the carbon core of many organic molecules | Functional group |
| What determines how a protein performs | Shape |
| The most important monosaccharide is | Glucose |
| A very large molecule composed of subunits of sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate bond is a | Nucleic acid |
| Any large molecule made up of many identical small molecules is called a | Polymer |
| Chaperone proteins assist in the proper folding of other proteins so they can have the correct functional shape | True |
| The lipid that is often referred to as a tissue hormone is | Prostaglandin |
| A saturated fatty acid is one which | All available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled |
| Which is not a lipid( fat, steroid,cholesterol or polysaccharide) | Polysaccharide |
| True or False: RNA and DNA have the same pyramiding bases but different purine bases | False |
| True or False: when two amino acids are joined, a peptide bond is formed and H+ ion is released | False |
| Proteins are polymers of | Amino acids |
| True or False: A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three of the same type of fatty acid | False |
| Term that means water loving and applies to the phospholipid head? | Hydrophilic |
| In base pairing of DNA molecules ______ is bound to ________ | Adenine; thymine |
| The carbon-containing molecules formed by living things are often called | Organic molecules |
| All proteins have four elements | Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| A polymer of glucose that is sometimes referred to as animal starch | Glycogen |
| Which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? | Primary |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called | essential amino acids |
| A _________ is a functional group that is temporarily unattached and is highly reactive because of unpaired electrons. | free radical |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis |
| If one side of a DNA molecule is CTAGGCTG, the other side would be: | GATCCGAC |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? | structural and functional |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a | phospholipid and steroid |
| The amino group in an amino acid is | NH3+ |
| The basic building blocks of fats are: | fatty acids and glycerol |
| Which of the following is not one of the major groups of organic substances in the body? | Salts |
| The alpha helix is an example of which level of protein structure? | Secondary |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are: | steroids |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? | All are true of RNA 1) It contains ribose sugar 2)contains adenine 3) composed of smaller molecules called nucleotides. |
| Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? | They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end. |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: | peptide bonds |
| Which lipid is part of vitamin D? | Steroids |
| Which lipid acts as a "tissue hormone"? | Prostaglandin |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____is the main polysaccharide in the body. | glycogen |
| Diffusion of particles through a membrane by means of a carrier molecule is called: | facilitated diffusion |
| Phagocytosis is an example of: | endocytosis |
| When the chromosomes align themselves across the equator of the spindle fibers, it is characteristic of which phase of mitosis? | Metaphase |
| Diffusion requires: | a concentration gradient |
| During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell? | Prophase |
| A DNA molecule is characterized by all of the following except: | Ribose sugar |
| An individual's entire set of DNA can be referred to as a: | genome |
| All of the following are examples of passive transport except: | endocytosis |
| Transcription can be best described as the: | synthesis of MRNA |
| Twenty-three chromosomes per cell in humans is referred to as: | haploid |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be: | hypertonic |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to: | hypertrophy |
| The correct order of the phases of mitosis is | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| A sequence of three bases forms a | codon |
| NaCl would move through the cell membrane in which direction? | Both in and out of the cell |
| Which of the following is not true of diffusion? | uses cellular energy |
| Which of the following statements is true? | The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is in the cytoplasm. |
| The result of meiosis is | four daughter cells that are haploid |
| A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction is a | catalyst |
| Normal mitosis results in | cells that are genetically identical to the parent |
| The process in which microorganisms or other large particles are engulfed is called | phagocytosis |
| The total number of 46 chromosomes per cell is referred to as ______ number | diploid |
| Facilitated diffusion is not an active transport process because it | does not depend on cell energy. |
| If oxygen is available, the pyruvate molecules formed by glycolysis are prepared to enter the next phase of aerobic cellular respiration, called the | citric acid cycle. |
| In the electron transport system, the final electron acceptor is | oxygen |
| Which of the following phases is NOT correctly matched with its description? | anaphase-mitosis is complete |
| Proteins that act as catalyst are | enzymes |
| The component that distinguishes one nucleotide from another is the | nitrogen base |
| Diffusion moves | down a concentration gradient. |
| Meiotic division occurs in | primitive sex cells |
| Osmosis can be defined as | the net movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. |
| Replication of DNA occurs in which phase of interphase | S phase |
| Diffusion is movement of molecules | From high concentration to lower concentration |
| Which of the following is an active transport process | endocytosis |
| In which stage of mitosis do chromosomes move to the opposite ends of the cells along the spindle fibers | anaphase |
| Glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell? | cytoplasm |
| When a cell shrinks in a solution, the solution is | hypertonic |
| Characteristics of meiosis | four haploid gMETES, REDUCTION DIVISION, TWO STEPS OF CELL DIVISION |
| RNA makes proteins by | translation |
| The two processes of protein synthesis are | transcription and translation. |
| Meiosis is called "reduction division" because | the number of chromosomes is reduced by half |
| A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called | allosteric effector |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called | mesenchyme |
| Adipose tissue | Insulates to conserve body heat, supports and protects the kidneys and stores excess food |
| A proteoglycan found in the matrix of connective tissue is | glucosamine and hyaluronic acid |
| Primary function of glandular epithelium | Secretion |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of muscle tissue | cells are separated by a large quantity of extracellular matrix |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | connective |
| The papillary layer of the dermis | produces the ridges that make fingerprints |
| A tissue is | a group of similar cells that perform a common function |
| Which cells form the blood brain barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood? | Astrocytes |
| Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the | bones |
| Smooth muscles | have one nucleus per cell, compose the walls of the viscera, and have involuntary movements |
| Which vitamins are absorbed through the skin | Vitamins A,D, K |
| Cells that electrically insulate axons to increase the speed of conduction | Oligondendrocytes and Schwann cells |
| Which type of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate | Epithelial |
| The hypodermis | connects the dermis to underlying tissues |
| Skeletal muscles | attached to a bone, has striations, voluntary or willed muscles |
| Connective tissue | Protects the body from foreign invaders, supports the body, transports substances throughout the body |
| The area referred to as "true skin" | dermis |
| The gland responsible for the waxy secretion in the external ear canal is | ceruminous |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete | additional matrix |
| Blood calcium levels involve secretion of which two hormones? | Parathyroid and calcitonin |
| Hematopoiesis is carried out in the | red bone marrow |
| Bones act as a server for which of the following minerals | calcium and phosphorus |
| Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when | complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix |
| Characteristics of the epiphyses | Made of spongy bone, contain red bone marrow |
| Bone positioned most superiorly on the human skeleton | frontal |
| Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are | osteoblasts |
| Layer of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis | epiphyseal plate |
| Humerus articulates proximally with the | scapula |
| In intramembranous ossification, the process of appositional growth refers to the | addition of an outside layer of osseous tissue on flat bones. |
| Why is cartilage slow to heal | Because it is semi-solid and flexible and has a no or a limited blood supply |
| What location will you find fibrous cartilage | Public symphysis and inter verbal discs |
| The axial skeletal structure | Provides framework for muscles that anchor and stabilize the appendicular bones |
| Provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement | cartilages |
| The fontanelles of an infants skull consists of | fibrous membrane |
| Attempting to pick up an object too heavy to lift would result in | Isometric muscle contraction |
| Skeletal muscles are innervated by | somatic motor neurons |
| Most body movements are ______ contractions | isotonic |
| End product of the breakdown of ATP | An inorganic phosphate, energy that can be used in muscle contraction, ADP |
| Muscle that is responsible for peristalsis | Single-unit smooth |
| Muscle group that extends the vertebral column and also flexes the back laterally and rotates it a little | erector spinal |
| Phase of the twitch contraction where a triggering of the release of calcium ions go into the sarcoplasm | latent period |
| Chief function of the T-tubules is to | allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell |
| A contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same but the length changes is called _____ contraction | isotonic |
| Three phases of the twitch contraction | latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase |
| The ion necessary for cross bridging is | calcium |
| After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein | troponin |
| The first event to occur in the muscle relaxation is that | the sarcoplasmic reticulum begins actively pumping calcium back into its sacs |
| The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the | sarcomere |
| According to the sliding filament theory | actin moves past myosin |
| Muscle tone is maintained by | negative feedback mechanisms |
| synarthrotic joints | are immovable |
| Structure that allows the electrical signals to travel along the sarcolemma and move deeper into the cell | transverse tubule |
| The joint present during the growth years between the epiphyses of a long bone and its dyaphisis is the | synchondrosis |
| The shoulder joint is an example of a ______joint | multiaxial, freely movable, ball and socket |
| Four kinds of protein that make up myofilaments are myosin, actin | tropomyosin, and troponin |
| Subtype of fibrous joints found only in the skull | suture |
| The muscles ability to stretch or extend and return to its resting length is called | extensibility |
| Anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called | lactate |
| The largest and most commonly injured joint in the body is the | knee joint |
| The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the | threshold stimulus |
| A contraction in which muscle length remains the same but muscle tension increases is called an | isometric contraction |
| Used by the body as a neuro transmitter | nitric oxide, acetylcholine, carbon monoxide |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of | amines |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as | serotonin |
| Synaptic knob located on the | axon |
| Compared with the outside of the neuron, the inside has a | negative charge |
| The period during which a local area of an axon's membrane resists re-stimulation is called the ________ period | refractor |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse | chemical transmitters are released |
| Fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct an impulse | 300 times faster |
| The neurotransmitters that inhibit the conduction of pain impulses are | enkephalins |
| The two types of synapses | electrical and chemical |
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as | catecholamines |
| Which antidepressant blocks MAO | Phenelzine |
Created by:
NurseT17
Popular Physiology sets