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AP GOV Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Work of Thomas Hobbes/beliefs | (Leviathan) believed people were naturally cruel he also believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society (tory party) supported democrats on economic issues republicans on moral issues (his beliefs are opposite of john locke) |
| Work of John Locke/beliefs | You have nat rights guaranteed, and to protect them you enter the social contract If a government didn't protect these rights or exceeded its authority, Locke and John Jacques Rousseau believed the people have the right to revolt (whig party) |
| Work of Motesquieu/beliefs | An Essay Concerning Human Understanding He believed in the separation of powers, (spirit of the Laws -his literary work that advocated for the separation of power in order to prevent a democracy from descending into an autocracy or a monarchy - |
| Direct Democracy | The people decide on policies without any intermediary or representative |
| Participatory Democracy (a type of representative democracy) | Depends on direct participation of most people involved where votes are directly for or against laws ex. student council votes |
| Pluralist Democracy (a type of representative democracy) | Non-governmental groups organize to try to exert influence on politics (interest groups are the most influential) (BLM) |
| Elite Democracy (a type of representative democracy) | Elected representatives make decisions recognizes an inequality in the spread of power among the populace and the elites dominate (NHS) |
| Hyper-Pluralism | A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government, seeking to please them all, is thereby weakened |
| Pluralist Theory | a political theory that emphasizes the importance of balancing the interests of different groups in society, and recognizes that power is distributed among multiple groups and institutions, rather than being held by a single group. |
| Natural rights | nherent rights that are believed to be necessary for all humans and include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness |
| Popular sovereignty | the idea that the power of a government is derived from the consent of its people and is expressed through the election of representatives |
| Social contract | refers to the agreement between the government and the people, in which the government agrees to protect the rights and freedoms of the people in exchange for their obedience to the laws and regulations established by the government |
| Republicanism | a form of government in which the power is held by the people, either directly or through elected representatives |
| Specific incident that highlighted a weakness of the AOC | Lack of centralized military power became evident with shays rebellion |
| State of nature | a condition in which no governments or laws existed at all |
| What type of government was established with the AOC? | A national (central) government |
| How was the government structured under the AOC? | Centered on the legislative branch |
| Weaknesses of the AOC | No national army but individual militias, congress had No power to tax, or regulate trade No national court system,or national currency Consent of all 13 states for amendments Each state had one vote States were able to conduct foreign policies |
| Virginia plan key points | Argued that representatives ought to be appointed by population bigger states would have more representatives and smaller states have less (bigger states support) |
| New Jersey plan key points | Argued that representatives ought to be appointed equally: each state gets one vote small states have the advantage (small state plan) |
| Connecticut plan key points | The compromise provided for a bicameral legislature, with representation in the House of Representatives according to population and in the Senate by equal numbers for each state. |
| Great Compromise | provided for a bicameral legislature, with representation in the House of Representatives according to population and in the Senate by equal numbers for each state. |
| 3/5ths Compromise | count 3/5ths of a slave for more representation, and for taxes then the slave trade wouldnt be touched for 20 years after it will be abolished |
| Principles of the constitution- Rule of Law | Rule of law is a principle under which all persons, institutions, and entities are accountable to laws that are: Publicly promulgated Equally enforced Independently adjudicated And consistent with international human rights principles |
| Principles of the constitution- Separation of powers | the legislative branch (makes the law), the executive branch (enforces the law), and the judicial branch (interprets the law) the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch |
| Principles of the constitution- Checks and balances | the branches of government check each other and ensure that no branch can dominate |
| Principles of the constitution- Consent of the Governed | the idea that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is justified and lawful only when consented, or agreed to, by the people |
| Principles of the constitution- What is republicanism? | Republicanism is a system that replaces or accompanies inherited rule. There is an emphasis on liberty, and a rejection of corruption. |
| Principles of the constitution- How can each branch check the others? | example the legislative branch proposes a bill, the executive branch has the power to sign or veto the bill, and the judicial branch can declare it unconstitutional. |
| Constitution- topic of Article I | Legislative Branch (form & powers of congress) |
| Constitution- topic of Article II | Executive Branch |
| Constitution- topic of Article III | Judicial branch |
| Constitution- topic of Article V | Amendment process |
| What is the amendment process? | Amendment proposed by 2/3rds vote of both Houses of Congress, or, if 2/3rds of the States request one,through a convention. Then it must be ratified by3/4ths of the State legislatures, or 3/4ths of conventions called in each State for ratification. |
| What is the Supremacy Clause? | The constitution and federal laws take priority over any conflicting rules of state law. Article VI, Paragraph 2 |
| What is Full Faith and Credit? | State courts respect the laws and judgments of courts from other states. Article IV, Section I |
| What is extradition? | Legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one states to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed |
| What is the Electoral College? | A group selected by the states to elect the president and the vice-president, in which each state's number of electors is equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress. |
| Federalist beliefs | Favored centralization, federalism, modernization, industrialization, and protectionism Peeps:Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison |
| Anti-Federalist beliefs | Favored small localized governments with limited national authority as was exercised under the Articles of Confederation. Advocated for the bill of rights Peeps: Robert Yates (most likely Brutus), Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams |
| Main point and significance of Fed. 10 | A huge danger is FACTIONS- Argues that factions are bad but inevitable; A large, representative republic with a decentralized system of government can prevent majority factions assuming too much power. |
| Main point and significance of Brutus 1 | Fears of overly strong federal government including authority to commission a standing national army. Constitution fails to prevent abuse of power,gives too much power away from the states, and lacks protection individual liberties |
| Main point and significance of Fed. 51 | Claims that separation of powers and checks and balances will curb tyranny. Defends that the constitution has checks and balances and that each branch is reliant on the people input |
| What does the legislative branch do? | The legislative branch makes all laws, declares war, regulates interstate and foreign commerce and controls taxing and spending policies |
| What does the executive branch do? | The executive branch consists of the President, his or her advisors and various departments and agencies. This branch is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land. |
| What does the judicial branch do? | The judicial branch is in charge of deciding the meaning of laws, how to apply them to real situations, and whether a law breaks the rules of the Constitution. The Constitution is the highest law of our Nation. |
| How are powers separated under federalism? | Federalism is a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government. Generally, an overarching national government and smaller subdivisions like state governments |
| What are categorical grants? | Federal grants given to state and local governments to encourage their cooperation in implementing specific purposes and programs these grants give less flexibility |
| What are block grants? | a grant from the federal government that a local/state government can allocate to a wide range of services. It is generally broad with what it can be used for, have few strings attached |
| Which type of grant do states prefer? | Block grants because there are less strings attached and the money can be used for a broader purpose. |
| What are mandates? | A requirement the federal government imposes as a condition for receiving federal funds |
| What are unfunded mandates? | Federal Government action that causes non-Federal Government entities increased costs, generally in order to fulfill some Federal purpose ex Americans with Disabilities Act and Medicaid |
| McCulloch v. Maryland outcome | Federal Government had the right and power to set up a Federal bank and that states did not have the power to tax the Federal Government |
| McCulloch v. Maryland significance | declared congress has implied powers necessary to implement its enumerated powers and established supremacy of the US constitution and federal laws over state laws |
| US v. Lopez significance | Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime, introducing a new phase of federalism that recognized the importance of state sovereignty and local control |
| US v. Lopez outcome | The federal Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 was unconstitutional |
| 18th Amendment | established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States (no liquor) |
| 21st Amendment | undoing of 18th amendment (drink away) |
| 1st Amendment | Congress shall make no law against religion, prohibiting the practice, abridging the freedom of speech, the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. |
| 2nd Amendment | A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. |
| 3rd Amendment | No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. |
| 4th Amendment | The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause |
| 5th Amendment | Guarantees the right to a grand jury, forbids “double jeopardy,” and protects against self-incrimination. |
| 6th Amendment | Guarantees the rights of criminal defendants, including the right to a public trial without delay, the right to a lawyer, the right to an impartial jury, and the right to know who your accusers are and the nature of the charges and evidence against you |
| 7th Amendment | Protects the right for citizens to have a jury trial in federal courts with civil cases (legal disputes between citizens or entities.)where the claim exceeds a certain dollar value. |
| 8th Amendment | Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. |
| 9th Amendment | Protects, the right to vote and your rights not explicitly stated in the constitution |
| 10th Amendment | The Federal Government only has those powers delegated in the Constitution. If it isn't listed, it belongs to the states or to the people |
| Declaration of Independence -Who | Written by Jefferson with help from adams and franklin The constitution convention was led by george washington, madison, hamilton, and the members of the "grand committee" |
| Declaration of Independence -Why | provides a foundation for popular soverignty |
| Declaration of Independence -When | Drafted: june 1776 Adopted: july 1776 |
| Preamble main points | -Enlightened ideals -Natural rights |
| Main point and significance of Fed. 70 | Argues for a powerful solitary executive. a single executive would be watched more vigilantly by the people than a group of people would be. There also would be no difference of opinions which could cause animosity and lessen their credibility |
| Referendum | A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment. |
| Enumerated powers | Those powers explicitly identified in the Constitution. They define the limits of power for each branch of the federal government |
| Factions | a group of people with a common political purpose, especially a subgroup of a political party that has interests or opinions different from the rest of the political party |
| Coalition | When two or more parties join together to form a majority in a national legislature. This would help a government work together. |
| Shays rebellion significance | established the AOC was not a strong enough form of centralized government |
| Social Contract | The social contract refers to the agreement between the government and the people, in which the government agrees to protect the rights and freedoms of the people in exchange for their obedience to the laws and regulations established by the government |
| Grants-in-aid | federal money granted to a recipient to fund a project or program. Federal grants in aid are not loans and therefore require no repayment. |
| Initiative | An initiative is the method by which voters may propose new laws or amend existing laws by gathering signatures from registered voters to place the issue on the ballot. |
| Unitary system | a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority |
| Elite and class theory | A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization. |
| Constitutional Convention | In 1787 the assembled delegates decided that the best solution to the young country's problems was to set aside the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution. |
| Ex post facto law | a law that imposes criminal liability or increases criminal punishment retroactively. |
| Year AOC was established and who wrote it | 1777, John Dickinson |
| Major political divisions in 1777-1789 | Merchants of the N v. Farmers of the s & w Politicians favor england culture vs democracy movement in france N for abolition v. slave trade leaders want stronger gov. v. those scared of abusive gov voting for everyone v. those scared of uneducated |
| Constitution- topic of Article IV (not on review) | State relations |
| Constitution- topic of Article VI (not on review) | National Supremacy |
| Constitution- topic of Article VII (not on review) | Ratification process |
| Which amendment ended slavery? | 13 |
| Which amendment guaranteed equal protection under the law? | 14 |
| which amendment said states could not prevent people from voting based on race? | 15 |
| Which amendment extended the vote to 18y olds | 26 |
| Which amendment said a president can only serve for 2 terms? | 22 |
| Amendment that allows for the government to impose an income tax | 16 |
| Father of the constitution | james madison |
| How many states were required to ratify the constitution? | 9 |
| Compromises deemed necessary for adoption and ratification of the constitution are represented by? | great compromise aka connecticut compromise electoral college 3/5th compromise compromise on the importation of saves |
| modern examples of the role of central government | surveillance resulting from the federals government response to 9/11 debate abt the role of gov in public school education |
| impeachment removal and other legal actions taken against public officials that seem to have abused power reflect what key term | checks and balances |
| what is national policy making constrained by? | the sharing of power between and among the three branches and state gov |
Created by:
BrookeY19
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