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A&P II Ch. 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the autonomic nervous system control? | Visceral effectors |
| 2. Where are the integrative centers for autonomic activity? | Hypothalamus |
| 3. What is a ganglion? What is the benefit of using ganglia to hold bundles of neurons? | Clusters of 100s to 1000s of neuron cell bodies/ Allows single impulse to reach many effectors quickly and efficiently |
| 4. Define: preganglionic neuron | In brain stem and spinal cord |
| Define: preganglionic fibers | Axons of preganglionic neurons/ leaves CNS and synapse on ganglionic neurons |
| Define: autonomic ganglia | Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS |
| Define: postganglionic fibers. | Axons of ganglionic neurons |
| 5. Understand the differences in the functional organization of the SOMATIC and autonomic nervous systems (slides7-10). | Sends motor commands to skeletal muscles via upper and lower motor neurons/ SPECIFIC w/ PRECISE effects/ lower motor neuron passes command directly to a single skeletal muscle unit |
| 6. What is the primary difference between SNS and ANS? (hint: upper/lower motor neurons vs. ganglionic system) | SNS has upper and lower motor neurons/ ANS uses the ganglionic system |
| 7. What are the two divisions of the ANS? | Sympathetic division/ Parasympathetic division |
| 8. Why is the sympathetic division also called the fight or flight division? | Increased alertness, metabolic rate, muscular abilities/ Kicks in during exertions, stress, or emergency |
| 9. The sympathetic ganglia (chain ganglia and collateral ganglia) are near what structure? (slide 14) | Spinal cord |
| 10. Where are the adrenal medullae? | Adrenal glands found near each kidney |
| 11. What happens when the adrenal medullae are stimulated by the sympathetic division? | Releases neurotransmitters into bloodstream that function as hormones to affect target cells throughout body |
| 12. What is the difference between a neurotransmitter and a hormone? | neurotransmitter is produced and released by a stimulated presynaptic nerve cell, while a hormone is produced by an endocrine gland and released into the blood stream |
| 13. What are the benefits of secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream as a part of sympathetic activation? | Creates an adrenaline rush/ prepares the entire body to respond to a crisis |
| 14. What are seven responses to increased sympathetic activity? | Heightened mental alertness/ Incr metabolic rate/ Reduced digestive and urinary functions/ nrg reserves activated/ incr resp rate and resp psgways dialate/ incr HR and BP/ Sweat glands activated |
| 15. Why is the parasympathetic division also called the rest and digest division? | Controls functions during resting conditions/ Reduces metabolic rate and promotes digestion |
| 16. What do the oculomotor, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves control? | Visceral structures in head |
| 17. What does the vagus nerve control? | Provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in: neck, thoracic & abdominopelvic cavity |
| 18. Which nerve provides 75% of all parasympathetic outflow? | CN X |
| 19. Where are pelvic nerves rooted? | sacral segment of spinal cord |
| 20. What do sacral parasympathetic fibers innervate? | Kidneys, urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and sex organs |
| 21. What are five responses to increased parasympathetic activity? | Decreases metabolic rate, heart rate, and blood pressure/ increased secretion by salivary and digestive glands, motility, and blood flow in digest tract/ Urination and defecation stimulation |
| 22. Compare the basic structure of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions in terms of location of ganglia | Sympathetic has short pre gf and a long post gf. It also goes directly to circ syst/ Parasympathetic has a long pre gf and a short post gf. Goes directly to target |
| 23. Why are sympathetic and parasympathetic effects both important for survival? | Most vital organs receive instructions from both divisions. They have opposing effects |
| 24. Define autonomic tone. Why do we need to maintain a baseline level of activity in most visceral structures? | exerts broad control over the involuntary functions of the human body via complex equilibrium between sympathetic and parasympathetic tone. |
| Understand the heart example given in the notes. | Has dual innervation. Para sym slows HR while SYM accelerates HR |
| 25. What are the three characteristics required for a function to be considered higher-order? | Cerebral cortex/ conscious and unconscious info processing/ can adjust over time |
| 26. What are fact memories and skill memories? | Specific bits of info/ Learned behavior |
| 27. Compare short-term memories | Info can be recalled immediately/ contain small bits of info/ primary memories |
| 28. What is the name of the process of converting short-term memories to long-term memories? | Memory consolidation |
| 29. Which brain regions are involved in memory consolidation and access? | Amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus basalis, cerebral cortex |
| 30. Where are long term memories stored? | Amygdala and hippocampus |
| 31. A sensory memory would be stored in what specific area? | Association areas |
| 32. Understand how memory creation happens at the cellular level. (slides 48-52) | Increased neurotransmitter release/ Facilitation at synapses/ Formation of additional synaptic connections |
| 33. At least how long is needed to convert a short-term memory to long-term? What is crucial for this process? | 1 hr/ repetition! |
| 34. What are some factors that affect conversion from short- to long-term memory? | Repetition/ nature, intensity, frequency or orig stim/ strong, repeated, exceedingly pleasant or unpleasant events likely converted to long- term mem |
| 35. What does wakefulness indicate? (slide 56) | Lvl of CNS activity |
| 36. Compare deep sleep and REM sleep. | Entire body relaxes, cerebral cortex activity minimal, HR etc 30% decline// Active dreaming, variable BP & RESP |
| 37. What is the most likely explanation for the importance of sleep? | CNS functioning and repair |
| 38. What is the function of the reticular activating system? | Projects basic signals to thalamic nuclei that influence large areas of cerebral cortex |
| 39. Stimulation of the RAS produces what? | Widespread activation of cerebral cortex |
| 40. How does sleep end? | Stimulus activates RAS: light, sound, or other internal/external sensory input |
| 41. What are common age-related anatomical changes in the brain? Understand what happens to the brain as it ages. | Reduction in brain size, weight, number of neurons. Decrease in blood flow to brain (plaque buildup & stroke) |
| 5. Understand the differences in the functional organization of the somatic and AUTONOMIC nervous systems (slides7-10). | Sends motor commands to visceral effectors via ganglionic system. EFFICIENT w/ WIDESPREAD effects/ motor comd generated in the hypothalamus, passed to a pre g neuron in brain or spinal cord/ pre g fibers to ganglion to post g fibers to visceral effectors. |
| 27. Compare long-term memories, including secondary and tertiary memories. | Stay around longer// Fade and require effort to recall// With you for life |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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