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Chap 6
the circulatory system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| heart | is a four-chambered, hollow, muscular organ that is slightly larger than a man's closed fist. |
| atria | are the upper 2 chambers of the heart |
| ventricles | are the lower 2 chambers of the heart |
| atrioventricular valves | are at the entrance of the ventricles |
| mitral valve | left AV |
| tricuspid valve | right AV |
| semilunar valve | are the valves that exit the ventricles, they are crescent shaped like a half-moon |
| interatrial spetum | the partition that separates the right and left atria |
| interventricular spetum | the partition that separates the right and left ventricles |
| coronary circulation | the flow of blood through the arteries and veins within the heart muscle |
| angina | medical term for chest pain |
| atherosclerosis | the buildup of waxy substance called plaque |
| heart attack | partial obstruction of a coronary artery or one of its branches can reduce blood flow to a point at which it is no adequate to meet the oxygen needs of the heart muscle also called myocardial ischemia |
| myocardial infarction | complete obstruction of blood flow |
| cardiac cycle | one complete contraction and subsequent relaxation of the heart lasts about 0.8 seconds |
| electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) | is a graphic record of the heart's electrical activity during the cardiac cycle |
| arrhythmia | a irregularity in the heart's rate, rhythm, or beat |
| pulse | is the palpable rhythmic throbbing caused by the alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as a wave of blood passes through it |
| blood pressure | is the force or tension exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels |
| systolic pressure | the arterial pressure during contraction of the ventricles |
| diastolic pressure | the arterial pressure during relaxation of the ventricles |
| normal BP | 115/75 |
| vascular system | is the system of blood vessels that, along with the heart, forms the closed loop through which blood is circulated to all parts of the body |
| pulmonary circulation | carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs to remove carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen; the oxygenated blood is them returned to the left atrium of the heart |
| systemic circulation | serves the rest of the body, carrying oxygenated blood and nutrients from the left ventricle of the heart to the body cells and then returning to the right atrium of the heart with blood carrying carbon dioxide and other waste products of metabolism from |
| arteries | are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| veins | are blood vessels that return blood to the heart |
| capillaries | are microscopic, one-celled-thick vessels that connect the arterioles and venules |
| tunica | the outer layer of a blood vessel |
| tunica media | the middle layer of a blood vessel and the thickest layer |
| tunica intima | the inner layer or lining of a blood vessel |
| lumen | the inner space of a blood vessel through which the blood flows |
| valves | are thin membranous leaflets composed primarily of epithelium similar to that of the semilunar valves of the heart |
| antecubital fossa | is the shallow triangular depression in the arm that is anterior to the and slightly below the bend of the elbow |
| median cubital vein | located near the center of the antecubital area, is the preferred vein and first choice for venipuncture |
| cephalic vein | located in the lateral aspect of the antecubital area, is the second choice for venipuncture |
| basilic vein | a large vein located on the medial (inner side) aspect of the antecubital area, this is the last choice for a venipuncture |
| median vein | located near the center of the antecubital area, it is the first choice for venipuncture in the M-shaped pattern, less painful |
| median cephalic vein | located in the lateral aspect of the antecubital area, the second choice in the M-shaped pattern |
| median basilic vein | located in the medial aspect of the antecubital area in the M-shaped pattern |
| bicipital aponeurosis | a fibrous membrane in the median vien and the later aspect of the median cubital vein |
| plasma | the fluid portion of the blood, is clear, pale-yellow fluid that is approximately 91% water and 9 % solutes |
| formed elements | are the three typed of blood cells,- erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes. |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells, are the most numerous cells in the blood |
| erythropoiesis | RBC formation |
| leukocytes | white blood cells, contain nuclei, main function is to neutralize or destroy pathogens |
| neutrophils | are normally the most numerous type of WBC in adults |
| monocytes | are the largest WBC |
| lymphocytes | are normally the second-most numerous type of WBC and the most numerous agranulocyte |
| thrombocytes | platelets - are the smallest of the formed elements. |
| megakaryocyte | a large bone marrow cell |
| blood type | is inherited and is determined by the presence or absence of certain proteins called antigens on the surface of red blood cells |
| ABO blood group system | 4 blood types A, B, AB, and O |
| RH blood group | is based upon the presence or absence of the RBC antigen called the D antigen, also known as Rh factor |
| cross - match | is preformed using patient serum and cells as well as serum and cells from the donor unit |
| serum | lacks fibrinogen, fasting is clear, pale-yellow |
| buffy coat | a thin, fluffy-looking, whitish-colored middle layer of WBC's and platelets |
| whole blood | means that the blood specimen must not be allowed to clot or separate |
| hemostasis | means the arrest or stoppage of bleeding. |
| coagluation | is the conversion of a liquid such as blood into a semisolid gel called a clot |
| fibrinogen | is the main coagulation substrate |
| fibrin | an elastic thread-like protein that forms a mesh to trap platelets and cells during the coagulation process |
| extrinsic | means originating outside |
| intrinsic | means originating within |
| vasoconstriction | a reduction in the diameter of the blood vessel caused by contraction of smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media |
| platelet plug | the adhesion, activation, and aggregation of platelets and the generation of a small amount of fibrin |
| hemostatic plug | primary platelet plug becomes a stable blood clot |
| fibrinolysis | the process by which fibrin is dissolved, is an ongoing process responsible for 2 important activities 1) dissolves clots 2) removes hemostatic clots |
| lymphatic system | returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream, protects the body by removing microorganisms and impurities, processes lymphocytes and delivers fats absorbed from the small intestine to the bloodstream |
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