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Ashton Chapter 5
Human Geography Chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | The practice of farming, including the cultivation of the soil and the rearing of animals, to produce food, fiber, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. |
| Climate | The long-term patterns of temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation in a particular area. |
| Subsistence Agriculture | A type of farming in which the primary goal is to produce enough food to feed oneself and one's family, with little or no surplus for sale or trade. |
| Commercial Agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. |
| Intensive Agriculture | Agriculture that involves the cultivation of crops using various farming techniques, such as mechanization and chemical inputs, to maximize yield per unit of land. |
| Extensive Agriculture | Agriculture that uses large amounts of land with minimal labor input per acre. |
| Capital | Financial and non-financial assets used in the production of goods and services. |
| Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals. |
| Shifting Cultivation/Slash and Burn | A form of agriculture in which forests are cleared by slashing and burning vegetation and then used for a few years until the soil's fertility is depleted. |
| Plantation | Large commercial farms that specialize in the production of a single crop, often found in tropical and subtropical regions. |
| Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming | A type of farming that involves the integration of crops and livestock. |
| Grain Farming | The cultivation of grains, such as wheat, barley, and corn, for food and other uses. |
| Commercial Gardening | The intensive production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers for sale. |
| Market Gardening | The small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. |
| Dairy Farming | The business of producing, processing, and distributing milk and milk products. |
| Milk Shed | The geographic distance that milk can be transported to a processing plant without spoiling. |
| Mediterranean Agriculture | Agriculture practiced in Mediterranean-style climates; characterized by long, hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. |
| Transhumance | The seasonal movement of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas. |
| Livestock Ranching | The commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. |
| Clustered(nucleated) Settlement | A type of settlement pattern where buildings and houses are closely grouped together. This form of settlement is common in areas where agricultural or economic activities require close proximity, fostering a sense of community |
| Dispersed Settlement | A pattern where dwellings are spread over an extensive area. In such settlements, households are often distant from each other, and there is more space between individual structures. |
| Linear Settlements | Characterized by buildings arranged in a line, often along a geographical feature such as a river, road, or railway. |
| Metes and bounds | A system of land surveying that uses natural features and distances to describe the boundaries of a parcel of land. It often involves starting from a designated point and following a specific sequence of directions and distances. |
| Public Land survey system(township and range system) | Also known as the Township and Range System, is a land surveying system used in the United States to divide and describe land parcels. It involves a grid-like pattern with lines of latitude and longitude, creating a s |
| Townships | Square divisions of land within the Public Land Survey System. A township is typically six miles by six miles, resulting in a total area of 36 square miles. Townships are further divided into 36 one-square-mile sections. |
| French long lot system | A method of land division used in areas settled by the French. In this system, land parcels are long and narrow, with each parcel having access to a waterway such as a river or stream. |
| First(neolithic) Agricultural Revolution | Also known as the Neolithic Revolution, was a significant transition in human history from a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled agriculture. It marked the beginning of agricultural practices such as cultivation |
| Fertile Crescent | A crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, known for its fertile soil and early agricultural developments. It extends from the Nile River in Egypt to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq and Iran. |
| Columbian Exchange | The widespread transfer of plants, animals, cultures, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World (Africa, Asia, and Europe) following Christopher Columbus's voyages in 1492. |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | A period of agricultural transformation between the 18th and 19th centuries, marked by technological innovations, increased productivity, and changes in farming practices. |
| Enclosure Acts | A series of laws in England during the 18th and 19th centuries that allowed landowners to enclose common lands, consolidating them into private property and restricting access to local villagers. |
| Crop Rotation | A farming practice that involves growing different crops in the same area over a sequence of seasons to improve soil fertility and reduce the risk of pests and diseases. |
| Irrigation | The artificial application of water to soil or land to assist in the growth of crops, particularly in areas with insufficient rainfall. |
| Third Agricultural Revolution | Also known as the Green Revolution, occurred in the mid-20th century and involved the widespread adoption of high-yield crop varieties, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides. |
| Green Revolution | Specifically refers to the adoption of new agricultural technologies and practices during the Third Agricultural Revolution, leading to significant increases in crop yields. |
| Hybridization | The process of crossing two genetically different varieties of plants or animals to produce offspring with desirable traits. |
| Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) | Organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering to express specific traits or characteristics. |
| Bid-rent Theory | A geographical economic theory that explains the price gradient of real estate or land use based on the willingness to pay for proximity to certain locations. It explores how land values change with distance from the central business di |
| Capital Intensive | A production process that requires a significant amount of capital investment, including machinery, technology, and infrastructure, relative to labor. |
| Labor Intensive | A production process that relies heavily on human labor rather than capital investment in machinery or technology. |
| Factory Farming | An industrialized and intensive form of agriculture that involves large-scale production of livestock or crops, often using modern technology and practices. |
| Aquaculture (Aquafarming) | The cultivation of aquatic organisms, such as fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants, under controlled conditions. |
| Double Cropping | A farming practice where two crops are grown on the same land in a single growing season. |
| Intercropping | Involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land to maximize productivity and reduce the risk of crop failure. |
| Monoculture | The agricultural practice of growing a single crop or plant species over a large area. |
| Feedlots | Confined spaces or facilities where livestock, especially cattle, are kept and fed a high-energy diet to promote rapid growth before slaughter. |
| Agribusiness | The integrated set of economic activities related to the production, processing, distribution, and marketing of agricultural products. It involves the entire food production chain from the farm to the consumer. |
| Carrying Capacity | The maximum population size that an environment can sustain over the long term without degrading the environment and leading to population decline. |
| Location Theory | A field of study that analyzes the location of economic activities. It seeks to understand why certain economic activities are located in particular areas. |
| Von Thunen Model | A theoretical framework that explains the spatial distribution of agricultural activities around a central market. It suggests that different types of agricultural activities are located in concentric rings around a city, based on transportation costs. |
| Isotropic Plane | A theoretical flat and uniform surface that has the same characteristics in all directions. It is often used in simplified geographic models. |
| Horticulture | A type of agriculture that involves the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, and non-food crops such as grass and ornamental trees and plants. |
| Bid-Price Curve (Bid-Rent Curve) | Illustrates how the price and demand for land change as one moves away from the central business district. It shows the relationship between land value and distance from the city center. |
| Comparative Advantage | An economic principle that states that individuals, businesses, or countries should specialize in producing goods or services in which they have a lower opportunity cost and trade with others to maximize overall efficiency. |
| Supply Chain | Process of producing, handling, distributing a product, from the extraction of raw materials to delivery of final product to consumers. Involves various stages and entities, inc producers, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, transport systems. |
| Luxury Crops | Crops that are not essential for human survival but have a high market value. They are often grown for export rather than local consumption and are associated with wealth and prestige. |
| Neocolonialism | The continued economic and cultural influence exerted by former colonial powers over their former colonies or other less developed regions. This influence can manifest through economic policies, trade relations, and cultural dominance. |
| Fair Trade Movement | A social movement that promotes fair and equitable trading practices, ensuring that producers in developing countries receive fair wages and work under ethical and environmentally sustainable conditions. |
| Subsidies | Financial incentives provided by governments to support certain industries or economic activities. They are intended to promote growth, stability, or competitiveness in a particular sector. |
| Infrastructure | The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society, such as transportation systems, communication networks, energy supply, and water resources. |
| Land Cover Change | Refers to the transformation of the Earth's surface by humans or natural processes, leading to alterations in the types of vegetation, land use, or other features. |
| Desertification | The process by which fertile land becomes increasingly arid and unproductive, often due to human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, and improper agricultural practices. |
| Salinization | The accumulation of salt in soil, often as a result of irrigation practices in arid and semi-arid regions. Excessive irrigation can bring salts to the surface, degrading the soil and reducing its fertility. |
| Terrace farming | Involves creating flat areas on steep slopes to facilitate agriculture. This method helps prevent soil erosion by slowing down water runoff and allowing for more effective water retention. |
| Center-pivot irrigation | An agricultural technique where a rotating sprinkler system pivots around a central point, watering crops in a circular pattern. This method is commonly used in large-scale, mechanized agriculture. |
| Wetlands | Areas where the land is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally. They play a crucial role in biodiversity, flood control, and water purification. |
| Deforestation | The large-scale removal or clearing of forests, often for the expansion of agriculture, urban development, or logging activities. |
| The Blue Revolution | The significant increase in the production of fish and other seafood through aquaculture, analogous to the Green Revolution's impact on agriculture. It involves the application of technology and sustainable practices to enhance aquatic food production. |
| Overgraze | Occurs when animals graze on grass or vegetation in a specific area to an extent that exceeds the land's capacity for regrowth. This can lead to soil degradation, erosion, and a decline in the overall health of the ecosystem. |
| Organic Foods | Agricultural products grown and processed without the use of synthetic pesticides, herbicides, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and certain other chemicals. Organic farming emphasizes sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. |
| Value-added crops | Agricultural products that undergo additional processing or transformation to enhance their value before reaching consumers. This can involve processing, packaging, or incorporating the crops into products with higher market value. |
| Value-added farming | Agricultural practices that focus on increasing the value of products through processing, packaging, or marketing strategies, often done on the farm itself. |
| Local food movement | Encourages the consumption of locally produced food, typically within a defined geographic region. It aims to support local farmers, reduce the environmental impact of transportation, and promote community connections. |
| Urban farming | Involves cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas. It includes practices such as rooftop gardening, vertical farming, and community gardens within cities. |
| Community Gardens | Shared spaces where individuals or groups come together to cultivate plants, often for personal consumption or community benefit. These gardens foster a sense of community and provide access to fresh produce. |
| Vertical Farms | Indoor farming systems that use vertically stacked layers or structures to grow crops, often in urban environments. They typically employ soilless farming methods and controlled environments with artificial lighting. |
| Hydroponics | A method of growing plants without soil, using nutrient-rich water solutions to deliver essential minerals directly to the plant roots. |
| Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) | A system where consumers subscribe to receive a regular share of produce directly from a local farm. Members typically receive fresh, seasonal produce. |
| Food Insecurity | The lack of consistent access to enough nutritious food for an active and healthy life. |
| Food Desert | An area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food, often due to a lack of grocery stores or other fresh food sources. |
| Food Distribution System | Encompasses the processes involved in getting food products from producers to consumers, including transportation, storage, and retail. |
| Tariff | A tax or duty imposed by a government on goods and services traded across international borders. |
| Quota | A limit set by a government on the quantity of a particular good that can be imported or exported during a specified period. |
| Gender Inequality | Disparities in opportunities, rights, and resources between individuals of different genders. |
| Gender Specific Obstacles | Challenges and barriers that disproportionately affect individuals based on their gender. |
| Crop Gap | The difference between the potential and actual yields of a crop in a given area or region. |
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jromanelli
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