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State Board Nails
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Are the basic unit of all living things from bacteria to plants to animals to human beings. There are trillions on the human body and they vary in size, shape, and purpose. | Cells |
| The cells of all living things are composed of a substance called________, a colorless, jellylike substance found inside cells in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water are present | Protoplasm |
| The _____ is the active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. It plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism. Within it is the nucleplasm a fluid that contains proteins and a very important acid (DNA). | Nucleus |
| The_____ is the part of the protoplasm that exists outside the nucleus and inside the cell. It surrounds the nucleus and its needed for growth, reproduction, and self-repair. | Cytoplasm |
| This organelle take in nutrients, breaks them down, and creats energy for the cell. Some cells have thousands like muscle cells but there are others that have none like, red blood cells, there are others that dont need as many like neurons or nerve cell. | Mitochondria |
| The chemical energy used within cells for metabolism is called | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave. It is selectively permeable, controls the introduction of beneficial susbstances and the removal of waste that do not benefit the cell. | Cell membrane |
| Cell reproduction of human tissues occur when the cell divides into two identical cells, called daughter cells through a process called | Mitosis |
| Chemical process that takes place in living organisms, through which the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. | Metabolism |
| Metabolism occurs in two distinctly different phases: | Anabolism and Catabolism |
| ___ is called constructive metabolism because is the process of combining smaller molecules to build them larger and complex. During this process the body stores H2O, food, and oxygen for later will be needed for cell grow, repair, and reproduction. | Anabolism |
| ___ is the phase of metabolism in which larger, more complex molecules are broken down within the cells to create smaller, simpler molecules as a result energy is released so that it may be used or stored for later use. | Catabolism |
| ___ is a collection of similar cells that performs specialized function. Each type has a specific function and can be recognized by its characteristic appearance. | Tissue |
| What are the four types of tissue? | Connective tissue, adipose tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue. |
| __ is fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports parts of the body. Ex, bone, catilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia (separates muscles), liquid tissue (blood & lymph) and fat. | Connective tissue |
| Body fat is a connective tissue also called____ ____. It gives smoothness and contour to the body while protecting intenal organs and insulating the body. Found under the skin, between internal organs, and inside bones (bone marrow). | Adipose tissue |
| ___ protective tissue that covers internal and external body surfaces it has a variety of functions depending where it’s located, including protection, secretion and absorption. All substances that enter or leave an organ must cross this tissue first. | Epithelial tissue |
| ____ contracts and moves various parts of the body | Muscle tissue |
| ___ carries messages through the CNS to control and coordiante all bodily functions. Its composed of specialized cells known as neurons, which make up nervesbrain, and spinal cord. | Nerve tissue |
| Is the outermost and thinnest layer of the skin. It comprises 5 layers, every layer starts with the word stratum. | Epidermis |
| Stratum ____ also called horny layer is the outermost top layer of our epidermis its visible to the eye and its primary function is protection against foreings such as UV rays, pollution, allergens, viruses, and bacteria. | Stratum Corneum |
| Stratum____ or grainy layer consist of cells that look like small distinct granules. These cells are dying as they are pushed to the surface and they will eventually replace the stratum corneum. The keratinization is completed within this layer | Stratum Granulosum |
| Stratum ______ is the clear transparent layer under the skin's surface it consists of small ovaled shaped cells through which light can pass. Is most abundant in the palms of our hands and the soles of our feet, these create our fingerprint. | Stratum Lucidum |
| Stratum_ isabove the basal layer,which is the deepest layer ofthe epidermis,as thesecells rise tothe surface they form desmosomes,that are like spotwelds between cells. This iswhere the langerhans,cells(immune support cells)they protect body frominfection | Stratum Spinosum (spiny layer) |
| Stratum___deepest living layer of the epidermis, produces new epidermal skin cells through a process(mitosis)to replace keratinized skin that are shed from stratum corneum by daily cleansing and normal or overactive cellular metabolism. | Stratum Germinativum (basal layer) |
| What stratum layer produces cells called melanocytes, these cells produce melanosomes or pigmented granules containing melanin | Stratum Germinativum (basal layer) |
| What type of melanin is red to yellow in color? | Pheomelanin |
| What type of melanin is deep brown to black? | Eumelanin |
| Inner layer of the skin, highly sensitive layer about times thicker than the epidemis.Within there are numerous blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, sweat glands, oils glands, hair follicles and arector pili muscles(involuntary muscles cause goosebumps) | Dermis (derma, corium, or cutis) |
| What are the layers that epidermis is made up of? | Papillary layer and Deep reticular layer |
| is the upper layer of the dermis located directly beneath the epidermis, here is found the Dermal Papillae contains large amounts of muco-polysaccarides, looped capillary & lymphatic vessels, small nerve endings. | Papillary layer |
| Small nerve endings that are sensitive to touch and pressure. | Tactile Corpuscles |
| deepest layer of the dermis supplies the skin with o2 and nutrients, is the major support for the skin, is home to sweat glands, blood and lymph vesssels, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, oil glands, nerve endings, collagen fibroblasts and elastin | Reticular layer |
| Is a fatty layer found below the dermis. It varies in thickness according toage, gender, weight, and general health it gives contour to body contains fats that stores oil-soluble vitamins and hormones, act as an emergency source of food for use as energy. | Subcutaneous layer (adipose tissue, subcutis tissue) |
| The skin is covered with surface endings fo the following nerve fibers: | Motor nerve fibers, Sensory nerve fibers, Secretory nerve fibers. |
| ___ ___ ___ are distributed to the arrector pili muscles attached to the hair follicles, these muscles can cause goosebumps. | Motor nerve fibers |
| ___ ___ ___ react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. They also send messages to the brain. | Sensory nerve fbers |
| ___ ___ ___ are distributed to the sweat and oil glands of the skin. They are part of the autonomic nervous system, regulate the excretion of prespiration form the sweat glands and control the flow of sebum to the surface of the skin. | Secretory nerve fibers |
| The skin gets its strength from two specific structures composed of flexible protein fibers found within the dermis | Collagen and elastin |
| What are the two types of duct glands of the skin? | Sudoriferus (sweat ) and sebaceous |
| What does the sudoriferous gland do? | Excretes sweat from the skin. Consists of a coiled base and a tubelike duct that openns at the suface of the skin to form the sweat pore. |
| What are the two types of sweat glands? | Apocrine glands and eccrine glands |
| What are aporine glands? | They are a type of sweat gland associated with hair follicles, scalp, underarms, and genitals. They secrete a fatty sweat and are stimulated when we are stressed or emotional. The sweat combines with skin bacteria and creates an odorous fatty acid. |
| What are eccrine glands? | They are the major sweat glands of the body found all over the skin, they help to regulate the bodys temperature and eleminate waste product from the body. |
| What does the sebaceous gland do? | This gland of the skin are connected with hair follicles, consisting of little sacs with ducts that open into the follicles they secrete sebum a fatty or oily secretion that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair. |
| Who supplies with oxygen and nutrients to the skin? | Blood |
| What is Lymph? | Clear fliud of the body that resembles blood plasma but contians only water and other colorless substances. |
| What are the principal functions of the skin? | Protection, from harmful substances. Sensation, responds to hat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. Heat regulation, helps maintain a constant internal regulation. Excretion, prespiration from sweat glands. Absorbtion, very small amounts of absorption. |
| Vitamins are separated into two: | Oil soluble and water soluble. |
| What vitamins are oil-soluble? | Vitamins A, D, E, and K |
| What vitamins are water soluble? | Vitamins B, C, and Carotene |
| What vitamins are store in our fat tissue and used when we exert energy? | Vitamins A, D, E, and K |
| What vitmains are consumed and quickly flushed through sweat and elimination? | Vitamins B, C, and Carotene |
| Supports overall health of the skin and aids in the health, function and repair of the skin cells. | Vitamin A |
| Repairs skin and various tissue, aids in immune support, speeds up healing process of the body. Also fights aging process and promotes production of collagen. | Vitamin C |
| Absorb and use calcium, rapid healing of the skin, supports emotional brain health. | Vitamin D |
| Helps protect the skin from harmful effects of the sun's rays, slows loss of elasticity and helps in the healing of wounds. | Vitamin E |
| Helps body respond to injury and regulates blood clotting. Reduces bone loss, decreses risk of bone loss. | Vitamin K |
| Helps the body break down nutrients from proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Supplies energy to the muscles and are critical for red blood cell production. | Vitamin B |
| Hard protective plate that protects the tip of the fingers or toes and is part of the integumentary system. | Natural nail |
| Normal skin that surrounds the nail plate they form the nail grooves on each side of the nail. | Nail fold |
| The lateral nail fol is also known as | sidewall |
| Entire flap of the skin covering the matrix | Proximal Nail Fold |
| Hardened keratin plate that sits on top of the nail bed, it is formed by the matrix constructed approximately 50 layers or less of nail cells. | Nail plate |
| _____ is part of the hardened keratin plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe. | Free edge |
| Portion of living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows towards the free edge. | Nail bed |
| Area where the nail plate cells are formed and extends under the nail fold at the base of the nail plate. This area contains nerves, lymph, and blood vessels to nourish the _____ cell. | Matrix |
| Nonloving colorless tissue attached to the nail plate that comes from the eponychium located on the underside of the skin lying above the natual nail plate. | Cuticle |
| Living skin underneath the proximal nail fold found at the base of the nail plate covering the matrix area. 1 layer of stem cells extends from the front edgee of PNF and stops at the nail matrix. This makes the cuticle. Attaches the PNF to the nail plate. | Eponychium |
| Slightly thickned layer of the skin that lies between the fingertip and the free edge of the nail plate. Prevents miroorganisms from invading and infecting the nail bed. | Hyponychium |
| Tough band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or holds organd in place. They are located at the base of the matrix and around the edge of the nail bed | Ligament |
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