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science review
QUARTERLY 2 REview
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Skeletal system | provides strength, support and protection for the human body; produces blood compact and spongy bone, bone marrow |
| Muscular system | provides strength, support, protection, and movement of the human body. muscles (cardiac, smooth, and skeletal). Ligaments, tendons |
| Integumentary system | composed of hair, nails, and skin. Maintains a stable internal environment. hair, skin, nails |
| Cardiovascular system | transports materials around the body (in bloodstream) heart, blood, blood vessels (capillaries, veins, arteries) |
| Respiratory system | exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm |
| Digestive system | Breaks down food into nutrients that the cells can use; eliminates undigested wastes mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, L/S intestine, anus, gall bladder, liver, pancreas |
| Urinary/Excretory | eliminates waste products from the blood/ eliminates waste products from the body (urine, sweating, exhaling, liver function) bladder, kidneys, nephrons, urethra, ureter/ Bladder, skin, lungs, Liver |
| Nervous | Gather and interpret information from the environment and responds to that information brain, nerves, axon, dendrite, cell body, spinal cord |
| Endocrine | long term regulation of growth and response (slow) Hormones, Parathyroid, Thyroid, Pituitary, Thymus, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Testes, Ovaries |
| Respiratory/Circulatory | The respiratory system brings oxygen in and removes the carbon dioxide when you inhale and exhale. The circulatory system picks up oxygen and drops off the carbon dioxide in the capillaries that surround the alveoli in the lungs. |
| Digestive/Circulatory | The circulatory system (blood) picks up the broken-down food molecules in the capillaries that line the small intestine walls (villi) of the digestive system. |
| Urinary/Circulatory | The circulatory system brings the blood to the kidneys to be cleaned and filtered. Water and other good nutrients go back into the blood. |
| Muscular/Skeletal | The muscles attach to the bones to assist in movement. |
| Muscular/Nervous | The nerves send signals to the muscles to move. |
| Nervous/Endocrine | The nervous system and endocrine systems work together to maintain homeostasis in the body. |
| Which body systems help to provide homeostasis in the body? | Endocrine & Nervous, Integumentary (really most systems) |
| Describe the functions of the arteries, veins and capillaries. | Artery is the largest vessel and brings blood away from the heart. Veins are the second largest vessel and bring blood into the heart. Capillaries are the smallest vessels. They connect arteries and veins and are only one cell wide. |
| What are the building blocks of protein? | Amino acids. |
| What are the building blocks of carbohydrates? | Sugars |
| What is the main job of the flower? | The flower holds the reproductive structures of the plant. It is needed for pollination, fertilization and germination |
| Where is pollen made? | In the anther of the stamen |
| What part of the flower becomes a fruit? | The ovary |
| What part of the flower does pollination take place? | Stigma. Pollen moves from the anther to the stigma (top of pistil) |
| What part of the flower does fertilization take place? | Ovary. Pollen travels from the stigma down the style into the ovary and unites with an ovule. |
| Explain how flowers reproduce | The stamen is made up of the anther and filament, produces sperm (pollen), which is transferred from the anther to the female reproductive organ of the plant, the pistil, during the process of pollination. |
| Explain how flowers reproduce pt. 2 | The pistil is made up of the stigma, style and ovary. The sperm unites with the egg in the ovule during the process of fertilization. The sperm and egg germinate into a seed, which grows to become a new flower. |
| What is pollen? | Male sex cell of the flower |
| Describe the types of asexual reproduction in a plant | All types of asexual reproductions in a plant. These processes do not require egg, sperm, fertilization, or germination. Runners are what raspberry plants send out; they are vines that “run” along the top of the soil. |
| Describe the types of asexual reproduction in a plant pt. 2 | A plantlet is a baby plant that falls off the main plant. An example of budding would be the “eyes” of a baked potato that begin to sprout. |
| Ecosystem | all living and nonliving things in an environment |
| Community | All populations in an environment (living things) |
| Population | all of the same species in an environment |
| Habitat | the environment in which an organism lives |
| Producer | produces its own food (plants) |
| Consumers | eats its food (humans, animals) |
| Decomposers | breaks down the nutrients of food (mushrooms) |
| What is the main source of energy for all living things? | Sun |
| What is one thing that you can do to conserve energy? | turn lights off, don’t leave devices plugged in after they are charged, keep heat lower and air conditioning higher |
| Food web | Shows all of the energy pathways in the environment |
| Mutualism | both organisms’ benefit (bacteria in your stomach. |
| Commensalism | one organism benefits while the other is unaffected (shark and remora) |
| Parasitism | one organism benefits while the other is harmed (malaria) |
| What does this energy pyramid show? | The loss of energy at each level of the food chain |
| How does energy flow in the energy pyramid? | From bottom to top |
| Where is the most energy in the energy pyramid? | Bottom |
| In the pyramid above name one primary consumer. | Snail, dragonfly… |
| The automobile causes what environmental problem? | Air pollution Recycle, Reduce, Reuse (recycle at home, carpool, don’t leave electronics and phones plugged in after charged) Electric, hybrid cars. |
| Ecology | Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment |
| Define Abiotic and Biotic factors. | Abiotic are non-living factors of an ecosystem=weather,temperature & soil. Biotic are the living factors=trees & animals |
| Why are decomposers needed in the ecosystem? | Decomposers are needed to break down organisms once they die. |
| Define succession. | series of predictable changes that occur in an ecosystem over time. |
| Define Primary succession | no soil or no organisms exist. Pioneer species inhabit the area (lichens, moss) and eventually lead mature communities. |
| Define secondary succession | occur where an ecosystem has been disturbed. Natural disruption (fires, tsunamis, hurricanes, etc) leave behind soil/seeds. |
| Give an example of a pioneer organism. | Lichens, moss Genetics and Heredity |
| Mitosis | creates 2 identical somatic (body)cells |
| Meiosis: | creates 4 sex cells with half the number of chromosomes |
| A cell produced through mitotic division has ___ (half of the/the same) number of chromosomes as the parent cell. | The Same |
| A cell produced through meiotic cell division has ____ (half of the/the same) number of chromosomes as the parent cell. | Half |
| What would happen if a cell continues to divide uncontrollably by mitosis? | Cancer Tumor |
| In a human, the body cells have ______ chromosomes. | 46 |
| In a human, the sex cells have ________ chromosomes. | 23 |
| The two types of sex cells are ______ and ________. | Sperm and egg |
| In a human how many chromosomes come from each parent (the sex cells)? | 23 |
| Differentiate between a chromosome, DNA, and gene. | Segments of DNA are genes. DNA is coiled into chromosomes. Chromosomes are like books, genes are like the chapters and DNA is like the words… |
| What is the difference between a punnett square and a pedigree chart? | A pedigree chart traces a trait through many generations the punnett square only shows the probability of a trait between two parents. |
| What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype? | Genotype=The alleles for the trait Phenotype= The trait that you physically see |
| What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous? | Heterozygous= Hybrid for a trait Homozygous=Pure for a trait |
| What are the four DNA Nitrogen Bases and their appropriate pairing base? | Adenine/Thymine, Cytosine/Guanine |
| What is a pedigree chart? | A family tree of traits EVOLUTION |
| What was Darwin’s hypothesis? | Species change over many generations and become better adapted to new conditions |
| What is a fossil? | The solidified remains or imprints of once-living organisms. |
| Which rock layer would have the most primitive fossils? | The deepest |
| What is a mutation? | Any change to the genetic material |
| What is natural selection? | A process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species |
| What are the three factors that affect natural selection? | Overproduction Genetic variation Competition |
| How is variation produced within each species? | Natural Selection Mutation |
| What happens to a whole species when its members cannot adapt to environmental changes? | Extinction |
| Differences in bone structures support what theory of Darwins’? | That we all come from a common ancestor and have adapted to our surroundings. |
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