The presence of an extra chromosome; organisms possessing this mutation often do survive into maturity.
translation
The process in which the order of the bases in mRNA codes for the order of amino acids in a protein.
messenger RNA
Carries protein synthesis information from DNA to the ribosomes.
replication
The process in which the two stands of the double helix separate and bases pair with free nucleotides to form two molecules of DNA, each identical to the original molecule.
nitrogen base
A component of DNA or RNA along with a sugar and a phosphate group; can be adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil.
mutation
A random error or change in the DNA sequence that may affect whole chromosomes or just one gene.
ribosomal RNA
The nucleic acid that acts as an enzyme, sticking amino acids together.
double helix
In DNA, the two twisted, ladder-shaped nucleotide strands held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases.
codon
In the genetic code, the set of three nitrogen bases representing a specific amino acid.
nondisjunction
Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis, resulting in gametes with too few or too many chromosomes.
monosomy
Absence of a chromosome; most organisms with this mutation do not survive.
transfer RNA
Delivers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
point mutation
A mistake in DNA where only one base is changed. ex.sickle cell anemia.
chromosomal mutation
When very large segments of DNA are swapped, inverted, lost or gained causing a severe genetic problem
frameshift mutation
a deletion or addition of nitrogenous bases causing translation to shift down or back.
transcription
The process where mRNA takes the code to the ribosomes.
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