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Nervous System HB
Question | Answer |
---|---|
astro- | star |
audi- / oto- | hearing |
auto- | self |
-ellum | smaller |
cereb- / enceph- | brain |
dendr- | treelike |
gli- | glue |
inter- | between |
mening- | membrane |
neuro- | nerve |
oligo- | few |
opt- | vision |
photo- | light |
polar- | end |
Central Nervous System (CNS) | brain and spinal cord |
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | all nerves not found in the brain or spinal cord |
Afferent nerves | sends impulses from the senses to the CNS |
Efferent nerves | sends impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands |
sensory imput | detects stimuli inside and outside the body |
respone | activation of muscles (motor output) or glands |
integration | processing and interpreting information |
neurons | conduct impulses around the body |
neuroglia | "nerve glue" support, insulate, and protect the neurons |
interneurons | connect afferent and efferent neurons |
myelin | waxy insulation around the axon of a neuron wade by a Schwann cell |
neurilemma | outer layers of the Schwann cell |
nodes of renvier | gaps in the myelin sheath |
astocytes | support and anchor neurons to cappillaries |
microglia | provide immune response to CNS |
Ependymal cells | secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid |
oligodendrocytes | provide myelin insulation to neurons |
satellite cells | support and anchor neurons |
Schwann cells | provide myelin insulation to neurons |
synapse | where two neurons meet |
synaptic cleft | space in between two neurons |
nerotransmitters | a chemical substance secreted by a neuron that aids in the transmission of the nerve impulse to an adjacent neuron |
action potential | recording of electrical change in membrane potential when a neuron is stimulated |
nerve impulse | a signal transmitted along a nerve fiber that consists of a wave of electrical depolarization that reverses the potential difference across the nerve cell membranes |
meninges | three layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord |
dura mater | thick, tough layer of the meninges |
arachnoid membrane | thin, cobweb-like layer of the meninges |
pia mater | thin layer containing lots of blood vessels in the meninges |
cerebellum | structure of the brain that lies above the pons and medulla. Deals with synergy |
cerebral cortex | outer layer of each cerebral hemisphere, consisting of many multipolar neurons and nerve cell fibers |
cerebral hemisphere | convoluted mass of nervous tissue located above the deeper structures |
home of consciousness, memory, and sensory perception | cerebral hemisphere |
cerebrum | the largest part of the brain |
sulcus | indented region or groove in the cerebral cortex between the ridges |
corpus collosum | bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the cerebrum |
gyri | ridges of the cerebrum |
sulci | grooves of the cerebrum |
cerebral cortex | "gray matter," made of cell bodies and dendrites |
cerebral medulla | "white matter," made of myelinated axons |
basal nuclei | islands of gray matter |
What does the frontal lobe control? | voluntary movements, reasoning and decision making, memory, ability to predict consequences of actions, planning, verbal communication (Broca's area) |
What does the parietal lobe control? | sensations (pain, temperature, touch), visual-spatial processing, body position |
What does the occipital lobe control? | visual processing- vision, and memory of objects |
What do the temporal lobes control? | memory, comprehension, and pronunciation of words, sensations of smell and sound, emotional association of memories |
thalamus | region of the brain that acts as a relay center. It receives all sensory input, except for smell, and then relays it to the sensory and association cortex |
hypothalamus | structure in the brain located beneath the thalamus. It consists of many aggregations of nerve cells and controls a variety of functions aimed at maintaining homeostasis. |
What does the hypothalamus control? | autonomic processes (body temperature, metabolism), hormones, emotions and feelings of pleasure |
brain stem | part of the brain that consists of the medulla and pons. Controls breathing and reticular activating systems that control many basic body functions |
What is the function of the midbrain? | relays information to the cerebrum and controls body movements and posture |
What is the functions of the pons? | carries information from one side of the brain to another. Also controls breathing |
What is the functions of the medulla oblongata? | transmits impulses between the brain and spinal cord. It controls blood pressure, heart rate, swallowing, and coughing |
reflex | automatic response to a stimulus |
reflex arc | a neuronal pathway by which sensory impulses from receptors reach effectors without traveling to the brain |
sensory receptors | dendrites that react to a certain external or internal stimulus |
What do mechanoreceptors detect? | touch |
What to thermoreceptors detect? | temperature variation |
Another name for pain receptors | nociceptors |
What do chemoreceptors detect? | chemicals |
What do photoreceptors detect? | light |
Free nerve endings | sense pain, temperature, touch, and pressure |
Meissner's corpuscles | encapsulated nerve endings found in hairless skin that detect light touch |
Hair follicle receptors | detect movement of hair |
Ruffini's corpuscles | detect deep pressure and stretching of skin |
Pacinian corpuscles | encapsulated nerve endings that detect deep pressure and vibrations |