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Chemistry Set 2

Atoms

TermDefinition
anion An ion with a negative charge, formed by gaining electrons.
atom The basic unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and electrons orbiting around it.
atomic mass The mass of an atom, expressed in amu.
atomic number The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, defining the element.
atomic radius The size of an atom, typically measured as the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron shell.
atomic symbol A shorthand notation for an element, usually one or two letters.
atomic weight The average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account isotopic abundances.
Aufbau principle Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first before moving to higher energy ones. In other words, electrons enter orbitals in order of increasing energy.
cation An ion with a positive charge, formed by losing electrons.
chemical formula A representation of a chemical compound using symbols and subscripts to indicate the ratio of atoms.
core electrons Electrons in an atom that are not in the outermost shell.
electron A negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.
electron cloud A visual representation of the probability of finding an electron in a particular region around the nucleus.
electron configuration The distribution of electrons in the electron shells of an atom.
electron distribution The arrangement of electrons in an atom's electron shells.
element A substance composed of atoms with the same atomic number, representing a unique type of matter.
filled shell An electron shell that is completely filled with electrons.
Hund's Rule Dictates that electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy level in a way that maximizes the number of unpaired electrons.
ion A charged particle formed by gaining or losing electrons.
isotope Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and therefore different atomic masses.
molar mass The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole.
net charge The overall charge of an ion, calculated by subtracting the number of electrons from the number of protons.
neutron A neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
nucleus The central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.
orbitals Regions in an atom where electrons are likely to be found. s, p, d, and f varieties
Pauli Exclusion Principle States that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. It implies that each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.
proton A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
pure substance A substance composed of only one type of atom or molecule.
shielding The reduction in the attractive force between an electron and the nucleus due to inner-shell electrons.
valence electrons Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, involved in chemical bonding.
valence shell The outermost electron shell of an atom.
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