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A&P II Ch. 13

QuestionAnswer
What are the four major regions of the brain? Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe
2. What is a ventricle? Open spaces within the brain
3. When discussing the nervous system, what is a nucleus (pl. nuclei)? Clusters of neurons with similar functions
4. What are the three layers of cranial meninges, from most superficial to deepest? Dura mater/ Arachnoid mater/ Pia mater
5. What are the two layers of the dura mater? What is between the two layers? Inner fibrous Layer & Outer fibrous layer/ Dural sinuses ( contain veins)
6. The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is called what? Sub-arachnoid space
7. Which meningeal layer makes contact with the brain surface and how? Pia mater/ Astrocytes
8. Describe the three important functions of cerebrospinal fluid (slide 14). Cushions delicate neural structures
Describe the three important functions of cerebrospinal fluid (slide 14). Supports brain
Describe the three important functions of cerebrospinal fluid (slide 14). Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products
9. Understand the flow of cerebrospinal fluid throughout the central nervous system, including where it is Through the brain ventricles, to the central canal of spinal cord, and into the subarachnoid space
produced and where it is reabsorbed. Produced by filtration of blood at choroid plexuses in the ventricles. Absorbed by the Arachnoid granulations in subarachnoid space. Secretes back into venous circulation
10. What is a choroid plexus? Which specialized cells are associated with this structure? Composed of blood vessels and specialized epithelial tissue called ependyma (ependymal cells).
11. What are arachnoid granulations? Small protrusions of the arachnoid mater into the outer membrane of the dura mater
12. What is the function of the blood-brain barrier? Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation/ Protects the brain from toxins or poisons/ Creates an ideal environment for brain function/ Tight junctions in capillaries prevent large substances from passing into the brain environment
13. Understand the four means of brain protection and support from slide 19. Meninges stabilize brain/ CSF protects against sudden mvmt/ CSF provides nutrients & removes waste/ BBB Selectively isolates brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function
14. The brainstem is made up of which structures? Midbrain/ Pons/ Medulla
15. What is the function of the midbrain? Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes/ Maintains consciousness
16. What is the function of the pons? Serves as a bridge (relay station) between various parts of the brain, especially the cerebellum and the rest of the brain
17. What are the functions of the medulla oblongata? Allows brain and spinal cord to communicate/ Coordinates complex autonomic reglexes/ Controls visceral functions
18. What are reflex centers of the medulla oblongata? What two important examples were given in the notes? Controles peripheral systems/ Ex: Cardiovascular centers & Respiratory rhythmicity centers
19. What are the functions of the cerebellum? Adjusts postural muscles/ Fine-tunes conscious and subconscious mvmts/ Muscle memory
20. What is ataxia? Disorder of the Cerebellum/ Damage from trauma or stroke, intoxication, or disturbs muscle coordination
21. Describe the general purpose of the diencephalon. First bullet, slide 33. Integrates sensory information and motor commands
22. What structures are included in the diencephalon? Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
23. What gland does the epithalamus contain? Contains the pineal gland
24. What is secreted by the pineal gland? Melatonin (regulates circadian rhythms)
25. What are the functions of the thalamus? FILTERS sensory info FOR primary sensory cortex/ RELAYS info TO cerebral cortex
26. Understand the eight functions of the hypothalamus. (slides 35-36) Provides subconscious control of skeletal muscle/ Controls autonomic function/ Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine systems/ Secretes hormones
27. What is the limbic system? What are some of the functions of the limbic system? Establishes emotional states (motivation center)/ Links conscious functions of cerebral cortex w/ autonomic functions of brain stem/ Facilitates memory storage and retrieval
28. Which functional grouping is also called “the emotional brain?” Limbic System
29. Why is the cerebrum called the seat of intelligence? Controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions/ Processes sensory and motor information
30. What is cerebral cortex? Gray matter that COVERES the surface of the cerebrum and is the location of most cerebral functions
31. Define: gyrus Raised hills on the cortex. (Increase surface area= increasing number of neurons)
Define: sulcus Shallow valleys between gyri
Define: fissure. Deep valley
32. Why does the cerebral cortex have gyri? to increase the surface area of the brain. This large surface area gives us better cognition w/o having to increase the size of the brain.
33. What separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres? Longitudinal fissure
34. What are the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres? Know the sulci that divide them. Frontal/ Parietal/ Temporal/ Occipital Lobe// Central/ Lateral/ Parieto-occipital sulcus
35. What is the corpus callosum? Sheet of nerves. Separates the R&L cerebral hemispheres and allows them to communicate
36. What parts of the cerebrum are WHITE vs gray matter? Deep to cerebral cortex/ Around basal nuclei
37. What are the basal nuclei? What is their function? Masses of gray matter and embedded in white matter of cerebrum// Involved with subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone & coordination control of learned mvmt patterns
38. What are the three categories of functions in the cerebrum? (slide 50) Sending motor signals/ Receiving sensory signals/ Interpreting, thinking, associating (higher- order functions)
39. What separates the motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex? Central sulcus
40. What is the function of the precentral gyrus? Directs voluntary mvmts/ Sends commands to skeletal muscles
41. What is the function of the postcentral gyrus? Receives somatic sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, temp)
42. What is the function of an association area of the cerebral cortex? Make up a large part of the cerebrum. It Processes and interprets info, making it into something useful that we can be consciously aware of, store as a memory, use to solve a problem,
43. Know the major functions of each lobe of the cerebrum. (slides 54-56) Frontal Lobe: Higher order functions/ Emotional regulation/ Memory/ Intelligence & problem solving/ Producing speech/ Processing and interpreting tastes/ Recognizing smells
44. What is the function of the general interpretive area? (Wernicke's area) Receives info from all sensory association areas/ Coordinates access to complex visual and auditory memories
45. Where are vocalization functions controlled? Speech center (Left hemisphere)
46. Where does abstract intellectual activity take place? Prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe
47. How many spinal cord segments are there? What are these based on? 31/ Based on vertebrae where spinal nerves originate
48. What is a nerve? Bundles of axons carrying signals to the same or nearby locations
49. What is a spinal nerve? Attaches to the spine and transmits signals throughout the body
50. What are the two branches of spinal nerves? How do they differ functionally? Ventral root carries motor signals/ Dorsal root carries sensory signals
51. Why is it possible to predict the results of injuries to specific spinal segments? Because the spinal cord is highly organized
52. What are the spinal meninges? What are their functions? Specialized membranes that isolate spinal cord from surroundings/ Continuous with cranial meninges/ Dura, arachnoid, and pia mater
53. What is meningitis? Viral or bacterial inflammation of meninges. this can compromise CNS function
54. Know the difference in location between white and gray matter in the spinal cord vs the cerebrum. White matter is superficial (deep for cerebrum)
Know the difference in location between white and gray matter in the spinal cord vs the cerebrum. Gray matter surrounds central canal of spinal cord
55. What is the function of tracts in white matter? Bundles of axons in white matter columns that relay same information in the same direction
56. Where do ascending tracts carry information? Descending tracts? Carry info to the brain// Carry motor commands to spinal cord
57. What is a reflex arc? The wiring of a single reflex (Slide 75)/ Generally opposes original stimulus
58. Understand how a single reflex occurs. (slide 75) Receptor detects a stimulus and sends a signal to the spinal cord/ Signal passes through gray matter of spinal cord/ Message relayed to an efferent neuron & effector/ Effector created a quick reaction w/o the need for processing in the brain
59. What is a cranial nerve? How does it differ from a spinal nerve? Cranial nerves are not innervated by spinal nerves. attch directly to the brain
60. Why are cranial nerves important? Has important functions: Smell, sight, eye mvmt, feeling in the face, balance, hearing, swallowing/
61. What are the three classifications of cranial nerves and what type(s) of signal does each carry? Sensory nerves carry somatic sensory information, including touch, pressure, vibration, temp, pain, special senses such as smell, sight, hearing, balance
What are the three classifications of cranial nerves and what type(s) of signal does each carry? Motor nerves carry motor signals
What are the three classifications of cranial nerves and what type(s) of signal does each carry? Mixed nerves: mixture of motor and sensory signals
o What is the name of cranial nerve I? Olfactory
o What is the function of the oculomotor nerve? Motor (eye movements) (III)
o Which of these is a mixed nerve (motor and sensory)? Trigeminal Nerves (V)
o Which of these is involved with tongue movements? Hypoglossal Nerves (XII)
Know the ventricles of the brain and their locations. Large Lateral Ventricle located in both cerebral hemispheres
Know the ventricles of the brain and their locations. Third ventricle location in the diencephalon
Know the ventricles of the brain and their locations. Fourth ventricle extends into medulla oblongata and becomes continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
26. Understand the eight functions of the hypothalamus. (slides 35-36) Produces emotions and behavioral drives(feeding & thirst center)/ Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions/ Regulates body temp/ Controls circadian rhythms
36. What parts of the cerebrum are white vs GRAY matter? In cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
43. Know the major functions of each lobe of the cerebrum. (slides 54-56) Processing and interpreting sensory info from all over the body (somatic sensory info)
43. Know the major functions of each lobe of the cerebrum. (slides 54-56) Processing and interpreting hearing, smells/ Recognizing language/ Forming memories
43. Know the major functions of each lobe of the cerebrum. (slides 54-56) Major visual processing and interpretation/ Depth, distance, location, and identity of seen objects.
Created by: Clinton Perdue
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