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Earth Science Unit 4
Surface Processes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Weathering | the breakdown of rock at Earth’s surface |
| Chemical Weathering | The breakdown of rock through a change in mineral or chemical composition |
| Oxidation | when iron combines with oxygen to create rust |
| Sinkhole | a natural depression in a land surface formed by the dissolution and collapse of a cavern roof |
| Physical Weathering | the breakdown of rock into smaller pieces without chemical change |
| Abrasion | occurs when rock particles grind against rock |
| Frost Action - | weathering process caused by cycles of freezing and thawing of water in rock openings Water infiltrates cracks in the rock and when it freezes it expands 10% causes the rock to split apart |
| Infiltration | the process which water penetrates into soil or rock |
| Plant Root Growth | as plants grow they can also spread cracks apart even farther |
| Abrupt Temperature Changes | as temperature increases rocks expand and fracture |
| Humus | part of the soil that serves as a source of plant nutrients |
| Erosion | process where particles are transported as sediment |
| Agents of Erosion | forces that are set in motion by gravity that causes sediments to move |
| Gravity --- Direct Role | Force behind most agents of erosion Causes rivers to flow, ice to move, and rocks to slide |
| The Sun --- Indirect Role | Drives the water cycle which produced rain and ice Fuels winds and drives ocean currents |
| Deposition | the process by which sediments are released from an erosional system |
| Sorted Sediment | layers of sediment that are similar in size, shape or density Example: deposition from a stream |
| Unsorted Sediment | layers of sediment that are mixed in size, shape or density Example: deposition from a glacier |
| Horizontal Sorting | when the velocity of a wind or water erosional system gradually decreases; the size, roundness, and density gradually decrease as you move farther out |
| Vertical Sorting - | larger or more dense sediments settle to the bottom first, followed by decreasing size and density. |
| Tributary | smaller streams that flow into a larger one |
| Flood Plain | nearly level plain that borders the river |
| Levee | mound of sediment that parallels the course of the river that prevents flooding |
| Stream Velocity | the speed of the stream |
| Gradient | slope of the stream |
| Discharge | amount of water that flows past a given point at a given time |
| Channel Shape | shape of the bed where the running water is confined |
| V-Shaped Valley | down cutting of a stream |
| Meanders | as a stream gets older it begins to shift its course in a series of bends |
| Glacier | naturally formed mass of ice and snow that moves downhill under the force of gravity |
| Continental Glaciers | huge sheets of ice that cover entire land masses |
| Valley Glaciers | glaciers that form in high elevations in mountain valleys |
| U-Shaped Valleys | shape of the valley walls from glacial erosion |
| Erratics | large deposited fragments that can be transported hundreds of miles inside or on top of the glacier. |
| Drumlins | streamlined oval shaped mounds of unsorted sediment |
| Eskers | a long winding ridge of sands and gravels |
| Terminal Moraines | a mound of till deposited along the leading edge of a glacier |
| Till | unsorted sediments deposited by a glacier |
| Glacial Grooves | long parallel scratches formed by sediment embedded in a glacier that has passed over the surface The grooves indicate the direction the glacier has traveled |
| Kettle Lake | depression left in the ground that is filled with glacial melt water |
| Outwash Plain | broad glacial feature of smaller sediment carried from the melting water of a retreating glacier Example: Southern Long Island |
| Mass Movement | the pulling of rock and sediment downhill by the force of gravity the pulling of rock and sediment downhill by the force of gravity |
| Mass movement involves two forces: | Gravity - the force of attraction where objects fall towards the center of the Earth Friction - the rubbing of one object against another |
| Deflation | wind blows away loose sediment lowering the land surface until there is no more loose sediment to erode |
| Abrasion | wind picks up and blows smaller sediment against another surface wearing it down |
| Sand Dune | depositional feature when sand is deposited in layers or mounds Windward Side: gentle slope Leeward Side: steep slope |
| Long Shore Current | ocean current that flows parallel and close to the shore. |
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