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APLAC study guide q2
second nine week: academic terms, catch run the rye, sentence types, argument
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Simile | a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion, crazy like a fox ). |
| Metaphor | a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. |
| Inversion | the syntactic reversal of the normal order of the words and phrases in a sentence, as, in English, the placing of an adjective after the noun it modifies |
| Concession | A concession (kuhn-SEH-shun) in literature is a point yielded to an opposing perspective during an argument. It allows a writer to acknowledge that information presented by an opponent has some amount of validity and should be considered. |
| Personification | the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form. |
| Irony | the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. |
| Colloquialism | Colloquialism – also called colloquial language, everyday language, or general parlance – is the linguistic style used for casual communication. |
| Frame Story | As its name suggests, a frame story is a narrative that frames or surrounds another story or set of stories. |
| Flashback | A flashback (sometimes called an analepsis) is an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point in the story. |
| Imagery | visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work. |
| 5 types of imagery: | Visual, Olfactory, Gustatory, Auditory, Tactile |
| Visual Imagery | Visual mental imagery is our ability to reactivate and manipulate visual representations in the absence of the corresponding visual stimuli |
| Auditory Imagery | Auditory imagery is a form of mental imagery that is used to organize and analyze sounds when there is no external auditory stimulus present. |
| Tactile Imagery | Tactile imagery describes how things feel to the touch. |
| Olfactory Imagery | Olfactory imagery is used when writers' want to appeal to a reader's sense of smell. |
| Gustatory Imagery | imagery related to the sense of taste. |
| Hyperbole | exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. |
| Oxymoron | a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction |
| Antecedent | In English grammar, an antecedent is a person, place, thing, or clause represented by a pronoun. |
| Paradox | a statement that seems to go against common sense but may still be true. |
| Euphemism | a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. |
| Satire | the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. |
| Generalization | a general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases. |
| Didactic | Didacticism is defined as the type of literature that is meant to instruct or teach something. Textbooks are, of course, didactic, as are recipe books, fables, parables, and instructional manuals. |
| Polysyndeton | rhetoric the use of several conjunctions in close succession, esp where some might be omitted, as in he ran and jumped and laughed for joy. |
| Anaphora | the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. |
| Understatement | Understatement is an expression of lesser strength than what the speaker or writer actually means or than what is normally expected. |
| Stream of Conscious | narrative technique intended to render the flow of myriad impressions—visual, auditory, physical, associative, and subliminal—that impact on the consciousness of an individual and form part of his awareness along with the trend of his rational thoughts. |
| Syllogism | A syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true. |
| Syntax | the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. |
| Ethos | Focuses attention on the writer's or speaker's trustworthiness. • Takes one of two forms: “appeal to character” or “appeal to credibility.” |
| Logos | Logos, or the appeal to logic, means to appeal to the audiences' sense of reason or logic. To use logos, the author makes clear, logical connections between ideas, and includes the use of facts and statistics. |
| Pathos | Pathos appeals to the emotions and ideals of the audience and elicits feelings that already reside in them. Pathos is a term used most often in rhetoric, as well as in literature, film and other narrative art. |
| Compound | A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses. These two independent clauses can be combined with a comma and a coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon. |
| Complex | A complex sentence is made up of a main clause and a subordinate clause connected to each other with a subordinating conjunction. |
| Simple | a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate. |
| Compound-Complex | a sentence containing one or more dependent clauses and two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon. An independent clause comprises a subject and verb and is a complete thought. |
| Catcher in the rye | Catcher in the rye Summary and Analysis by course hero on YouTube |
| Simile ex | -as quiet as a mouse,” “as strong as an ox,” and “as fit as a fiddle.” -I ran like the wind |
| Metaphor ex | “Her voice was a soothing lullaby, calming those who listened.” |
| Inversion ex | “Into the darkness they flew, their hearts beating fast with fear.” by placing the prepositional phrase “into the darkness” before the subject “they flew,” creating a sense of suspense and unease. |
| Concession ex | Yes, I have tricks in my pocket, I have things up my sleeve. But I am the opposite of a stage magician. |
| Personification ex | My clothes stood so erect as if someone had ordered them to stay in attention, as soon as I had ironed them. |
| Irony ex | if it were a cold, rainy gray day, you might say, “What a beautiful day! |
| Colloquialism ex | -such as “y'all” or “gonna” or "wanna" -such as "old as the hills" and "graveyard dead" |
| Imagery ex | After the long run, he collapsed in the grass with tired and burning muscles. The grass tickled his skin and sweat cooled on his brow. |
| Visual imagery ex | The trees swayed in the wind, their leaves resembling green flames. |
| Auditory Imagery ex | As she walked through the wintery woods, her teeth chattered and the leaves crunched under her feet. |
| Gustatory Imagery ex | Joe plucked an apple right from the tree and crunched into it, the tart juices filling his mouth and running down his chin. |
| Tactile Imagery ex | “The toad was slimy in her hands.” |
| Olfactory Imagery ex | The sweet fragrance of honeysuckle always reminded Jenny of her mother's perfume. |
| Hyperbole ex | I am so hungry I could eat all the food here. |
| Oxymoron ex | -Almost exactly. -Awfully good. -Deafening silence. -Freezer Burn. -Living dead. -Loyal opposition. -Old news. -Only choice. |
| Antecedent ex | “Sally walked her dog,” the pronoun her refers to Sally, making Sally the antecedent. |
| Paradox ex | -Less is more. -Fight fire with fire. -The beginning of the end. -You have to have money to make money. |
| Euphemism ex | -No longer with us: dead. -Time of the month: menstruation. -Plastered: drunk. |
| Satire ex | Simpsons |
| Generalization ex | All animals that have feathers are birds. |
| Didactic ex | An example of didactic literature would be Aesop's Fables. The tales end with important lessons that the characters learn in the story. |
| Polysyndeton ex | “He fed me soup and he gave me new pajamas and he brushed my teeth and he put me to bed.” |
| Anaphora ex | It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity...." |
| Understatement ex | if someone says, "It seems to be raining a little," in the middle of a hurricane |
| Syllogism ex | "All mammals are animals. All elephants are mammals. Therefore, all elephants are animals." |
| Syntax ex | For instance, most sentences in English follow a Subject-Verb-Object word order, resulting in syntactically correct sentences like: The boy kicked the ball. We were almost late for school because we missed the bus. |
| Ethos ex | If my years as a Marine taught me anything, it's that caution is the best policy in this sort of situation. |
| Pathos ex | ASPCA commercials that use photographs of injured puppies, or sad-looking kittens, and slow, depressing music to emotionally persuade their audience to donate money. |
| Logos ex | For example, a speaker claims that "teen pregnancy has decreased in the last five years" by citing studies that show a significant decrease in teenage pregnancy. |
| Flashback ex | A woman is about to get married. As she puts on her veil she remembers her fiancé three years before, swearing he would make her his wife someday. A tear comes to her eye and she prepares to walk down the aisle. |
| Sentence types practice links | Khan Academy, etc. |
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atheophilus
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