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HIS Final
| Term | Date | Def |
|---|---|---|
| Abbasids | 750-1258 | Third Islamic Caliphate, founded by descendants of Muhammad's uncle, increasingly reduced political power (starting to be more religious only in this period) |
| Abd al Rahman I | d. 788 | first Umayad ruler of Al Andalus, started Muslim rule on Iberian peninsula |
| Al-Andalus | 711-1492 | Muslim ruled territory on Iberian Peninsula, shrunk and then ended by the Reconquista |
| Alcuin | d. 804 | head of Charlemagne’s palace school, major figure of Carolingian renaissance, brought knowledge of Latin culture to the Franks. Refined script style for bible copying, precursor to modern type faces |
| Alfred the Great | d. 899 | Anglo-Saxon king, fought vikings, signed treaty establishing part of England as Danelaw |
| Augustine of Canterbury | d. 604 | first archbishop of Canterbury, led mission to Christianize England |
| Avars | 6th - 9th c. | steppe people, established an empire, spread Slavic culture, seen as successor to the Huns, Charlemagne tried to have a war with them . Soon after they surrendered and joined the Frankish kingdom, also agreeing to Christianize - languages to teach |
| Battle of Tours and Poitiers | 732 | Charles Martel defeated Muslim army. Presented as defending Muslims from preaching in Oxford (simply fake). Source of legitimacy over "do-nothing" Merovingian kings |
| Begga | d. 639 | Carolingian ancestor/nun, grandmother of Charles Martel. Carolingian women significant for staying alive and preserving the family as the men were killed for political reasons. Women kept social prestige and finances afloat (hide wealth in monasteries) |
| Beowulf | disputed, 700–1000 AD | Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend, highly structure poem |
| Boniface | d. 754 | Anglo-Saxon missionary, and church reformer in the Frankish kingdom (wanted to be a martyr - eventually got it). Regularly wrote to pope, revealed increasing Latin illiteracy in Frankish church |
| Boris, Bulgar khan | d. 907 | ruler of First Bulgarian Empire, converted to Christianity for diplomatic reasons. Protected the followers of Cyril and Method which saved their script, resigned and became a monk |
| Carolingians | ca. 751 to 987 CE | Frankish kings, Roman emperors. Took over from Merovingians in quite coup without declaring themselves rulers, eventually wrote to pope and got released from oaths. Pope said those with power should be king |
| Charlemagne | d. 814 | hosted "Carolingian Renaissance" - mostly political term but with huge success. Successful campaigns across Italy and against Avars. Pope crowned him Western Roman Emperor - first since Romulus Augustulus |
| Charles Martel | d. 741 | Carolingian mayor of the palace, princeps, ruled without a king. defeated a Muslim army. Charles "The Hammer" Martel. Started Carolingian kings by monopolizing access to king going through him |
| Columbanian monasticism | Columbanus d. 615 | included layity. intense asceticism systematized penance = making sin manageable. "Irish Christianity saved Christianity on the British Isles" - example of micro-Christendom |
| Columba | d. 597 | abbot of Iona, member of an Irish royal clan, said that pagan seers knew of Christ before his life (micro-Christendom!) |
| Cyrill | d. 869 | missionary, brother of Method, died as monk in Rome. Missionary to the Slavs (tablets with lots of languages to spread culture) |
| Danelaw | 865-954 | territory under the control of the Danish client rulers in England |
| Dudo of Saint Quentin | d. before 1040s | Norman historian, wrote the history of the Norman dukes |
| Einhard | d. 840 | Carolingian author and advisor of Charlemagne, author of The Life of Charlemagne, wrote to glorify him like a Roman Emperor |
| Fossa Carolina | ordered by Charlemagne d. 814 | the Carolingian ditch, attempt to connect the rivers Rhine and Danube. failed due to bad earth conditions. Evidence of Charlemagne's eastward expansion |
| Gertrud of Nivelles | d. 659 | Carolingian ancestor, daughter of Pippin the Elder, abbess. Carolingian women significant for staying alive and preserving the family as the men were killed for political reasons. Women kept social prestige and finances afloat (hide wealth in monasteries) |
| Glagolica | created by Cyril d. 869 | Oldest Slavic script, created by Cyril |
| Gregory of Tours | d. 590s | bishop of Tours, historian, pastor, wrote History of the Franks, documented Merovingian kings, had to be careful what he wrote -> tense relations |
| Gregory the Great | d. 604 | born senators son, became monk then pope, sent missionaries to Canterbury starting the Christianization of the British isles. Developed the allegorical method |
| Heraclius | d. 641 | Eastern Roman emperor, fought the Sasanian Empire, took back Jerusalem and allegedly retook the holy cross |
| Isidore of Seville | d. 636 | bishop of Seville, presided over the fourth council of Toledo. The council established seminaries and educational standards, but did not mention loyalty to pope |
| Jabal Tariq | d. 720 | Muslim general during Umayyad caliphate, crossed strait of Gibraltar to invade Spain. Rock of Gibraltar and and Mountain Tariq named after him |
| Justinian I | d. 565 | Byzantine/Eastern Roman emperor, workaholic, saw himself as on a campaign for specifically Nicean Christianity reform |
| Kievan Rus | 9th c. | name for the people who came to build and control the trade network in Central Eurasia in Byzantium and the Arabic world, etymology highly contested |
| Method | d. 846 | missionary, brother of Cyrill. Missionary to the Slavs (tablets with lots of languages to spread culture), archbishop of Moimir, Moravian prince |
| Midgard-snake | first on tombstone sometime 8th - 10th c. | Old Norse mythology (Jörmundgandr/Jǫrmungandr), embraced the whole world as it grow so large that it was able to grasp its own tail, part of Norse mythology reinterpreted, Jesus fought the snake - the devil |
| Muhammad | d. 632 | born to nobility in Mecca, houses important polytheistic shrine. gained popularity and support of ruling tribe before behing forces out in Mecca as he was preaching against shrine. Founded Islam, the Qur'an records his visions (no stories of his life) |
| Olaf Trygvasson | d. 1000 | Norvegian king, former Viking, converted during his travels, most likely in England, important figure for the Christianization of Norway, and Iceland |
| Patrick | 5th c. - uncertain | apostle of the Irish, brought Christianity to Ireland |
| Penitentials | 6th c. | rule book prescribing how appropriate penance for each sin - developed in Ireland (Micro-Christendom) |
| Reconquista | ended in 1492 with Catholic victory | Reconquest of Visigoth territories in modern Spain from Muslims, part of why Spain remains strongly Catholic today. Source of modern Spanish identity |
| Skálds | 9th - 13th c. | Norse poets and performers, rich history of storytelling (Christianization blended norse stories with Christian scripture helping it spread), often attached to courts of Viking kings |
| Theodore of Tarsus/of Canterbury | d. 690 | made Archbishop of Canterbury in Rome and sent to England, made a school -> golden age of Anglo-Saxon scholarship |
| Umayyads | 661–750 | Second Islamic caliphate, huge conquests and territory, tolerant to Jews and Christians in territory |
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