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Organic Chemistry

Y11 - CGP AQA Higher / Triple Chemistry Revision Guide - Topic 7

What is a Hydrocarbon? Any compound formed Carbon and Hydrogen atoms only.
Explain Alkanes Simplest type of hydrocarbons. General formula of CnH2n+2. They are a homologous series - a group of organic compounds that react in a similar way. Saturated compounds - each carbon atom forms 4 single covalent bonds. First 3 are methane, ethane, propane.
How does the properties of hydrocarbon change as the chain gets longer? The shorter the chain, the more runny, volatile + flammable a hydrocarbon is. The properties of hydrocarbons affect how they're used for fuels. Short chain hydrocarbons with lower boiling points are used as bottled gases stored under pressure as liquids.
Explain complete combustion Complete combustion of any hydrocarbon in oxygen releases lots of energy. The only waste products are Co2 + H2O. Both C + O from the hydrocarbon are oxidised. Used as fuels due to the amount of energy released when they combust completely.
What is Crude Oil? Crude oil is a fossil fuel formed from mainly plankton. It is a non-renewable fuel and finite resource.
How can Fractional Distillation be used to separate hydrocarbon fractions? The oil is heated till it has turned into gas, enters a fractionating column where there is a temperature gradient. The longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points = they condense into liquids + drain out near the bottom. Opposite for short hydrocarbons.
Uses of Crude Oil in Modern Life Provides the fuel for mot modern transport. The petrochemical industry uses it as a feedstock to make new compounds in polymers, solvents, lubricants and detergents. All the products you get from crude oil are examples of organic compounds.
What is Cracking in terms of Hydrocarbons? Longer alkanes molecules produced from fractional distillation are turned into smaller, more useful ones by a process called cracking. As well as alkanes, cracking also produces another type of hydrocarbon called akenes.
Explain method of Cracking Cracking is a thermal decomposition reaction by first heating long chain hydrocarbons to vaporise and pass over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst. The molecules split apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst - this is catalytic cracking.
Explain Akenes Hydrocarbons which have a C=C double bond meaning they are unsaturated as they have 2 fewer hydrogens compared to alkanes. C=C can open to make a single bond and react with other atoms. More reactive than alkanes.
General Formula for Alkenes CnH2n
Explain Combustion in terms of Alkenes There isn't enough oxygen in air for alkanes to combust completely so they undergo incomplete combustion. Carbon dioxide and water are produced but so is carbon a carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas. Smoky yellow flame. Less energy released.
What is a Functional Group? A group of atoms in a molecule that determines how the molecule typically reacts.
What is the Functional Group of of Alkenes? All alkenes have the functional group C=C so they all react in similar ways.
Alkenes reacting via Addition Reactions The carbon - carbon double bond will open up to leave a single bond and a new atom is added to each carbon.
What is Hydrogenation? Addition of hydrogen is known as Hydrogenation. Hydrogen can react with the double - bonded carbons to open up the double bond and form the equivalent, saturated alkane. The alkene is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
Explain Steam reacting with Alkenes to form Alcohols Water is added across the double bond and an alcohol is formed. Ethanol can be made by mixing ethene with steam and passing it over a catalyst. Reaction mixture is put in condenser so any unreacted ethene gas is recycled into the reactor. Purified by FD.
Explain Halogens reacting with Alkenes Alkenes also react in addition reactions with halogens like bromine, chlorine and iodine. The molecules are saturated, C=C becomes bonded to a halogen atom. Bromine and ethene react together to form dibromoethane.
What is Polymerisation? Polymers are long molecules formed when lots of small molecules called monomers join together in a polymerisation reaction - it usually needs high pressure and a catalyst. Plastics are made of polymers, usually carbon based as the monomers are alkenes.
Created by: Ibraheema
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