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A&P Final Review
Anatomy & Physiology - Semester 1 Final Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define anatomy | The study of the body's structure and parts. |
| Define physiology | The study of how the body and its parts work and function |
| List the steps of the scientific method. | Problem Hypothesis Collect and analyze data Form conclusion Repeat and publish |
| List the systems of the body. | Muscular, Urninary, Reproductive, Digestive, Endocrine, Respiratory, Skeletal, Lymphatic, Integumentary, Cardiovascular (MURDERS LINC) |
| What is the muscular system? | Responsible for movement of the body. |
| What is the integumentary system? | Responsible for protection between the internal and external environments (skin) |
| What is the cardiovascular system? | Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and hormones. Get rid of waste and carbon dioxide. |
| What is the skeletal system? | Responsible for supporting and protecting. |
| What is the respiratory system? | Responsible for oxygen from lungs to blood, carbon dioxide from blood to lungs. |
| What is the digestive system? | Responsible for breaking food down into nutrients |
| What is the nervous system? | Responsible for sending electrical signals |
| What is the urinary system? | Responsible for getting rid of waste from blood |
| What is the endocrine system? | Responsible for the release of hormones |
| What is the reproductive system? | Responsible for making more and continuing the species |
| What is the lymphatic system? | Responsible for collect fluid from blood, filter it and then put it back into the blood |
| What are the levels of organization from simplest to most complex? | Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms |
| Describe the frontal plane. | Separates the body from front and back (anterior and posterior sides) |
| Describe the sagittal plane. | Separates the body from left and right |
| Describe the transverse plane. | Separates the body from top and bottom (superior and posterior) |
| What is homeostasis? | A consistent internal environment. The range where the body can properly function and sustain life. |
| What is a feedback loop? | Maintains the consistency of the internal environment. Contains a sensor, integrating center and an effector. |
| What is the role of a sensor? | Monitor a set point and detects when there is a deviation. |
| What is the role of an integrating sensor? | Determines the response to a deviation. Region of brain or spinal cord. |
| What is the role of an effector and what are effectors? | Produces the response. Muscles and glands. |
| What are some characteristics of areolar (loose) connective tissue? | Most widely distributed. Soft and pliable. Contains all fiber types. Soaks us excess fluid. Space for entry of blood vessels and verve fibers. |
| What are some characteristics of adipose tissue? | Specialized areolar tissue. Look like ring. Fat globules are stored here. Insulates the body. Protects some organs. serves as fuel storage. |
| What are some characteristics of dense regular tissue? | Fibers all oriented in the same direction. Tendons and ligaments. |
| What are some characteristics of dense irregular tissue? | Fibers are tightly packed but not parallel. Capsules and sheaths surrounding organs. |
| What are the types of epithelial cells? | Simple (one layer) or stratified (multi layered) Squamous (flat), columnar (tall), or cuboidal (cube) |
| What are the types of epithelial tissues? | Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified, stratified squamous, transitional. |
| What does simple squamous tissue look like and where is it located? | One layer, squashed. Line areas where you want things passing through (blood vessels and pulmonary alveoli) |
| What does simple cuboidal tissue look like and where is it located? | One layer, cube shaped. Lines tubules (kidney tubules and salivary and pancreatic ducts. |
| What does simple columnar tissue look like and where is it located? | One layer, column shaped. All cell nuclei are lined in a row. Goblet cells. Secrete mucous. Line digestive tract, uterine tubes, and respiratory passages. |
| What does pseudostratified tissue look like and where is it located? | Variation of simple columnar. One layer, some cells shorter than others. Goblet cells. Often looks like double cell layer. |
| What does stratified squamous tissue look like and where is it located? | Multiple layers. Free edge cells are flattened, inner cells are cuboidal. Found where friction is common. (Skin, mouth, esophagus.) |
| What does transitional tissue look like and where is it located? | Shape depends on amount of stretching. Lines organs of the urinary system. (bladder - tissue stretched when you have a full bladder and relaxed when you have an empty bladder.) |
| In which type of connective tissue are blood vessels and nerves located? | Areolar (loose) connective tissue) |
| What are some characteristics of hyaline cartilage? | Most common cartilage. Collagen fibers and rubbery matrix. Supports and protects bone. Found at movable joints. |
| What are some characteristics of bone (osseous tissue)? | Bone cells in lacunae and a hard matrix of calcium salts. Large # of collagen fibers. |
| What are some characteristics of blood (tissue)? | Half of the volume is composed of plasma. Transport vehicle for materials. Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix. |
| Where is smooth muscle found? | Hallow organs (except heart) |
| Which tissue type has cells joined closely together? | Epithelial tissue. Very little intracellular matrix. |
| What are the functions of a carbohydrate? What is its chemical makeup? | CHO 1:2:1. Starch - storage form of glucose in plants. Glycogen - storage form of starch in animals. Cellulose - structural molecule in plants. |
| What are the functions of lipids? What is its chemical makeup? | CHO no ratio. Triglycerides - source of energy. Omega-3 - decreases risk of heart disease. Phospholipids - makes up cell membranes. |
| What are the functions of proteins? What is its chemical makeup? | CHON no ratio. STEAMS. Structure, Transport, Enzyme, Antibodies, Movement, Signaling |
| What are the functions of nucleic acids? What is its chemical makeup? | CHONP no ratio. Make up genes. |
| What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates? | monosaccharides and polysaccharides |
| What are the monomers and polymers of lipids? | monomer - glycerol and fatty acids polymer - triglycerides or phospholipids |
| What are the monomer and polymers of proteins? | monomer - amino acids polymer - proteins |
| What are the monomer and polymers of nucleic acids? | monomer -nucleotides polymer - DNA & RNA |
| Why are carbohydrates chemically unique? | They have a 1:2:1 ratio. Must be at least 3 carbons. |
| What is the most important fuel source in the body? | Glucose. |
| What polysaccharide is not digestible by humans? Why is it important in the diet? | Cellulose. It keeps stuff moving through the digestive system. |
| What molecule does the cell actually use for energy? | ATP |
| What form are carbs and fats stored in the body? | Carbohydrates - glycogen in liver cells or muscle tissue Fats - triglyceride in adipose cells |
| How many kcal are found in carbohydrates? | 4 calories per gram |
| How many kcal are found in proteins? | 4 calories per gram |
| How many kcal are found in fats? | 9 calories per gram |
| What is the first nutrient to be chemically digested? | Carbohydrates |
| What chemical in the stomach activates pepsinogen to pepsin? | HCl |
| What protects the walls of the stomach from the harsh conditions inside the stomach? | Mucous - bicarbonate barrier |
| What is peristalsis? Where does it occur? | Wavelike contractions. Esophagus and stomach. |
| Where are the villi located? Why are they important? | Inner lining of small intestine. They absorb nutrients from chyme. |
| In what form are glucose molecules stored? | Animals - glycogen Plants - starch |
| What molecules can be used to make ATP? | Glucose, triglycerides, protein |
| What is glucose converted to during lactic acid fermentation? | Lactic acid or lactate |
| What is glycolysis? | glucose -> pyruvic acid |
| What is glycogenesis? | glucose 1 phosphate -> glycogen |
| What is glycogenolysis? | glycogen -> glucose 1 phosphate |
| What is gluconeogenesis? | pyruvate -> glucose |
| What is the Cori Cycle? | Lactic acid skeletal muscle -> lactic acid blood -> lactic acid liver -> glucose 6 phosphate liver -> glucose blood -> glucose skeletal muscle -> lactic acid |
| How many ATP are made by the complete aerobic breakdown of glucose? By the anaerobic breakdown of glucose? | Aerobic - 30 Anaerobic - 2 |
| What 2 metabolic intermediates link fat metabolism to glucose metabolism? | Glycerol - G3P Fatty Acid - Acetyl CoA |
| What are the 4 organic molecules? | Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acid |
| How many ATP molecules are made by glycolysis? | Net gain 2 |
| What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration? | To bond with hydrogens to keep the hydrogen concentration gradient. |
| What are the functions of neurons? | Receive signals, process signal information, send signals. |
| What is a voltage-regulated channel | A channel that opens and closes with a certain charge. |
| What is a chemically regulated channel? | A channel that opens or closes when a certain chemical is present or not present. |
| What are the roles of a sensory (afferent) neuron? | Conveys information from a receptor to the CNS. |
| What are the roles of an association neuron? | Figure out the proper response. Located entirely in the CNS. |
| What are the roles of a motor (efferent) neuron? | Information from the CNS to the muscles and glands. |
| What part of the neuron is destroyed resulting in MS? | The myelin sheath. |
| What are the events of an action potential? | Depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization |
| What is resting membrane potential? | -70 mV - high potassium inside - high sodium outside |
| What is threshold? | -55 mV |
| What happens during depolarization? | High potassium inside High sodium outside Threshold reached - voltage regulated Na signals open. -55mV -> 30mV |
| What happens during repolarization? | High potassium AND sodium inside voltage regulated Na channels close and K channels open 30mV -> -100mV |
| What happens during hyperpolarization? | High sodium inside High potassium outside Na/K pump starts: K in - Na out -100mV -> -70mV |
| What ion activates release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles? | Calcium ions Ca2+ |
| What does a dendrite do? | sends signal to the cell body |
| What does an axon do? | sends signal away from the cell body |
| What is the all-or-none principle | A stimulus is either strong enough to start an action potential or it isn't strong enough to start an action potential. No almost. |
| What is saltatory conduction? | A signal being sent along a myelinated axon |
| What increases the speed of nervous transmission through an axon? | Myelin |
| How do long bones grow? | Epiphyseal plates. New cartilage is constantly formed. Old cartilage is broken down and replaced by bone. |
| What is an osteocytes? | Mature bone cells |
| What is the function of osteoblasts? | Bone-forming cells. Secrete minerals that make bones hard. |
| What is the function of osteoclasts? | Bone-destroying cells. Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium. |
| Where are red blood cells made and where is this found? | Red bone marrow in spongy bone. |
| What is the lacunae and what is found in them? | Cavities containing mature bone cells (osteocytes). |
| What is the canaliculi? | Tiny canals from the central canal through the rings/lacunae |
| What is the central canal | Passage for blood vessles and nerve fibers in bone. |
| What is the lamellae | Boney ring - extracellular matrix |
| What is a compound fracture? | Bone ends penetrate through the skin surface. |
| What is a simple fracture? | Bone is broken cleanly, ends to not penetrate skin. |
| What is a reduction? | Realignment of broken bone ends. Open (surgical) or closed (nonsurgical) |
| What bones are part of the axial skeleton? | Skull, Ribs, Sternum, Vertebrae, Sacrum, Coccyx |
| What bones are part of the appendicular skeleton? | Arms, Legs, Hips, Scapula, Clavicle |
Created by:
Chloesims77
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