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Nuclear Chemistry

TermDefinition
alpha decay mass # is decreased by 4, atomic # is decreased by 2, helium (alpha) particle is emitted, stopped by paper and skin, weak penetrating power
beta decay mass # does not change, atomic # is increased by 1, electron (beta particle) is emitted , when a neutron turns into a proton, stopped by wood, medium penetrating power
gamma decay the emission of energy through a gamma ray, which has high frequency electromagnetic radiation, nucleus doesn't change, stopped by thick pieces of lead, strong penetrating power
fission when a nucleus splits into smaller pieces (big-->small), started by adding slow moving neutrons to the nucleus that make it unstable
fusion when 2 nuclei join together to form a larger nucleus when placed under extreme heat or pressure (small-->big)
transmutation the transformation of the nucleus of the atom is changed from one element into another (ex. beta decay, alpha decay, fission, fusion)
A= mass #
Z= atomic #
binding energy neutrons supply the energy and are the "glue" that holds the nucleus together, if one is removed/added it can change the stability/radioactivity of an atom
stable atom has enough binding energy/neutrons to hold the nucleus together permanently, located inside the band of stability
unstable atom radioactive atom, doesn't have enough binding energy/neutrons to hold the nucleus together
band of stability the range in the number of neutrons for a given number of protons for isotopes found in nature, all real elements are found here
nuclear chemistry the study of the reactions between protons and neutrons
radioactive atoms the isotope decays over time because pieces of the nucleus spontaneously emerge, located on the edges of the band of stability, nucleus has more than 83 protons (every element after Bi)
an atom that has the same # of protons and neutrons has less than 40 protons
more protons require more neutrons
half life the time it takes for half of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay
half life uses used in MRIs, specific elements with short half lives are used because they are less dangerous to people
radon gas that we can't see, is more dangerous because it can get inside our bodies and cause lung cancer, its products from alpha decay can't be stopped inside the body
strongest penetrating power gamma decay
nuclear reaction caused by the addition or subtraction of neutrons, when the unstable nucleus of an atom spontaneously decays and emits particles
alpha particle 4 He (helium) 2
beta particle 0 e (electron) -1
products of nuclear reactions the daughter isotope and alpha/beta particle emitted, the original atom is gone
changes when an alpha particle is emitted 2 neutrons and 2 protons are lost
changes when a beta particle is emitted 1 proton is gained while a neutron is lost
when there are too many neutrons... it splits into a proton and electron; the proton gets to stay in the nucleus and the electron gets kicked out (beta decay)
nuclear transformations mass number and charge are conserved/stay the same, energy and mass are not conserved
predicting fusion results it can't be predicted because you don't know what particles are going to stick and how hard the 2 atoms are going to hit
products of fission reactions multiple ways an atom can be split up to create the same mass and atomic #, the nucleus doesn't split up evenly
ionizing radiation particles are electromagnetic waves that have the energy to remove electrons from atoms
protecting yourself from radiation skin, protective clothes, minimum exposure time, lead, paper
origin of elements 1-26 inside the star
origin of elements 26-92 nuclear fusion reactions, the explosion of a star
origin of elements 92+ created in nuclear reactors
Created by: ts2819
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