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us history midterm
review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is the “Gilded Age” an appropriate description for this period? | It was a period where greedy, corrupt industrialists, bankers and politicians enjoyed extraordinary wealth and opulence at the expense of the working class. |
| How did laissez-faire economics have both positive and troubling results? | higher investment, innovation, and competition. Negative Externality, income inequality, and monopoly. |
| How did huge differences in wealth, opportunities, and the treatment of people lead to conflict? | inequality of opportunity can entail large social costs. |
| When the Second Industrial Revolution began | 1870 |
| effects of the secondary industrial revolution on the us | Rapid advances in the creation of steel, chemicals and electricity helped fuel production, including mass-produced consumer goods and weapons |
| uses of petroleum | Chemical fertilizers, synthetic fibres, insecticides, synthetic rubber, nylon, plastics, pesticides, perfumes, dyes, paints |
| power of standard oil | a maze of legal structures |
| What caused the population to rise in the US | Natural change (the difference between births and deaths), domestic migration and international migration |
| Push factors for migrants and immigrants | poverty, lack of social mobility, violence, or persecution |
| pull factors for migrants and immigrants | the attraction of higher wages, job opportunities, and political or religious liberty. |
| How immigration affected the population of the United States | immigration is the primary factor driving U.S. population growth |
| The impact of population on manufacturing | labor shortages |
| edisons inventions | the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph, and the motion picture camera, as well as improving the telegraph and telephone. |
| fields inventions | transatlantic cable |
| bell inventions | telephone and twisted pair |
| Westinghouse inventions | railway air break |
| How did electrification changed factory production, | transformed factory work, allowing factories to move closer to urban centers and away from the rivers |
| how did electrification change working hours | allowed factories to run longer hours and produce more goods and increased the length of work days |
| how did electrification change intracity transportation | made subways practical and streetcars more efficient. |
| How laissez-faire economics functions and its pros | higher investment, innovation, and competition |
| what is the Role of tariffs | to serve as a source of revenue, to protect domestic industries, and to remedy trade distortions (punitive function |
| how were the transcontinental railroad built | Workers drove spikes into mountains, filled the holes with black powder, and blasted through the rock inch by inch. |
| where were the transcontinental railroads built | Promontory Summit, Utah |
| Where the two parts of the RR were joined and how | Promontory, Utah |
| Difference in how Chinese RR workers were treated when compared to non-Chinese | high-intensity jobs in a deadly working environment and were not paid equally |
| Effects of the transcontinental railroad on expansion, industrialization, the economy, etc. | The railroad ensured a production boom, as industry mined the vast resources of the middle and western continent for use in production. |
| Why time zones were created | lack of time standardization |
| Why tycoons like the Vanderbilt family and Jay Gould were called robber barons | pejorative term for one of the powerful 19th-century American industrialists and financiers who made fortunes by monopolizing huge industries |
| Why the Interstate Commerce Commission was created | mounting public indignation in the 1880s against railroad malpractices and abuses |
| causes of credit mobilier | the Union Pacific Railroad created a dummy corporation to divert public funds |
| effects of credit mobilier | negatively affected the careers of many politicians and nearly bankrupted Union Pacific. |
| The role of Ellis Island and Angel Island in immigration | many of the immigrants to the United States from Europe entered the country through Ellis Island, an immigration center in New York |
| The role of ethnic enclaves in urban areas | generate a pool of social capital through which members can access resources that lower the costs of migration |
| How lives of common workers compared with the wealthy | rich people typically have an investment strategy and a system for making money with those investments |
| algerism | can refer either to the rags-to-riches stories of American author Horatio Alger, Jr. or to a military scandal |
| the American dream | the ideal by which equality of opportunity is available to any American, allowing the highest aspirations and goals to be achieved. |
| what was the social gospel | the application of Christian principles to social problems |
| How settlement houses run by people like Jane Addams (Hull House, Chicago) helped in urban areas and affected political agendas, including the creation of the National Child Labor Committee (New York) and the Children’s Bureau (US Department of Labor) | for educated women to share all kinds of knowledge, from basic skills to arts and literature with poorer people in the neighborhood. |
| What the Dillingham Commission reported about immigration in America | southern and eastern European immigrants constituted a threat to the nation's well being |
| Problems with voter fraud | can prevent representation |
| Why labor unions were formed | to help the workers with work-related difficulties such as low pay, unsafe or unsanitary working conditions, long hours, and other situations |
| Why the Wobblies’ were considered especially radical | believed all wage workers, of all races, genders and occupations, should unite to overthrow the capitalist system |
| Various reasons why unions were controversial with the public | unions are anti-employer and that union contracts make it more difficult for companies to fire unproductive employees |
| Role of women in the labor force and unions (“Mother Jones”) | demand fair pay and safe working conditions. |
| How management discouraged strikes | Threats, Interrogation, Promises and Surveillance. |
| How the government responded to strikes | Governments at every level opposed strikes, |
| Years associated with the Gilded Age (circa) | 1877 to 1900 |
| Original purpose of the Grange | to advance methods of agriculture, as well as to promote the social and economic needs of farmers in the United States |
| What caused farmers to go into debt | they had to plant a lot of crops and so the price of their crops went down |
| What the Grange Laws did | regulating the fees grain elevator companies and railroads charged farmers to store and transport their crops |
| Why Munn v. Illinois was ultimately a step forward for farmers | upheld the power of government to regulate private industries |
| Reasons for bimetallism or the gold standard | the combination of two metals can provide greater monetary reserves |
| Purpose of farmers’ alliances | improve the economic conditions for farmers through the creation of cooperatives and political advocacy. |
| How the People’s Party came about | originated in the debate over monetary policy in the aftermath of the American Civil War |
| causes of the panic of 1893 | the collapse of two of the country's largest employers, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company. |
| effects of the panic of 1893 | decline of stock prices |
| what was manifest destiny | the idea that white Americans were divinely ordained to settle the entire continent of North America |
| How mineral rushes impacted urbanization in the west | stimulating large-scale migration, demands for transportation |
| What life was like in times of boom and bust in mining towns | noisy, smelly, and dirty |
| Origins of the cattle industry after the Civil War | The rise of the cattle kingdom coincided with the spread of the railroads across the country. |
| The challenges of farming the Great Plains | Frequent drought spells made farming even more difficult. Insect blights raged through some regions, eating further into the farmers' profits. |
| Facts about the Homestead Act of 1862 | provided that any adult citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. government could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land |
| Who the Exodusters were | The large-scale black migration from the South to Kansas |
| How and why the Wheat Belt changed | developed after the decline of gold mining in 1905 |
| Facts about the Oklahoma Land Rush | At precisely high noon, thousands of would-be settlers make a mad dash into the newly opened Oklahoma Territory to claim cheap land. |
| Why mail-order catalogs mattered | enabled the creation of a powerful global network that came to include everything from mail order, to telemarketing and social media. |
| what led to the Indian Wars | Indian resistance to the imposition of the reservation system and the repeated attempts of the US Army and white settlers to forcibly remove Native Americans from their tribal lands. |
| How the U.S. government handled “The Indian Question” | moving them to cities and eliminating reservations. |
| Facts about the Battle of the Little BigHorn | Custer and 268 of his men perished. The U.S. 7th Cavalry was outnumbered about ten to one. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse were two key chiefs in defeating Custer and the 7th cavalry. |
| what were the events at wounded knee | the slaughter of approximately 150–300 Lakota Indians by United States Army troops in the area of Wounded Knee Creek in southwestern South Dakota |
| effect of the Indian Peace Commission | more violence and lasting conflict |
| cause of the Dawes act | Anglo-American hunger for Indian lands |
| effects of the Dawes act | the government stripping over 90 million acres of tribal land from Native Americans, then selling that land to non-native US citizens |
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