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pharm
pharm final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a side effect | a secondary, typically undesirable effect of a drug or medical treatment. |
| Toxicity | may occur when a person has consumed a dose of a drug that is too high for them to handle. |
| Idiosyncratic Effect | unpredictable reactions that occur in only a small percentage of patients receiving the drug and which do not involve known pharmacological properties of the drug. |
| Paradoxical Effects | an effect of a chemical substance, such as a medical drug, that is opposite to what would usually be expected. An example of a paradoxical reaction is pain caused by a pain relief medication. |
| Iatrogenic Disease | If you were to become infected because a healthcare provider didn't wash his or her hands after touching a previous patient, |
| Physical Dependence | body depends on a drug, almost like adiction. |
| Carcinogenic Effect | carcinogens cause cancer by changing a cell's DNA. |
| Teratogenic Effect | induces birth defects. |
| Albumin | protein in the blood that helps retain water, made by the liver |
| Antagonist | preventing receptor activation |
| Agonist | activate receptors |
| Partial Agonist | agonists that have only moderate intrinsic activity |
| Boxed Warnings | to alert proscribers, who can educate PTs. |
| Category X | most dangerous, known to cause fetal harm |
| CYP-450 Isoenzymes | this is a enzyme in the liver that breaks down the drug. these enzymes can be altered to speed up or slow down the metabolism of the drugs. |
| Drug serum level | amount of drug in the blood |
| Drug therapy during breast feeding | (minimizing risks) take drugs after breast feeding avoid drugs that have long half lives avoid drugs that are known to be hazardous pump and dump |
| Individual variation in drug responses | ◦ Body weight, significant to determine the doese of a drug ◦ Age, this is important to determine if the organs can handle the medication ◦ Tolerance, the decrease or increase responsiveness of a medication. |
| Med Errors (how they occur) | insufficient or missing information about co-prescribed medications, past dose-response relationships, laboratory values and allergic sensitivities. |
| Pharmacokinetics in relation to infants, children, & adults | Distribution infants blood-brain barrier is not fully developed at birth so drugs and chemicals have easiy access to the CNS. ▪ Metabolism infants matabolize drugs fast than adults at 1-2 years old and decrease from 2- puberty. |
| Absorption | the process that brings a drug from the administration, eg, tablet or capsule, into the systemic circulation. |
| Distribution | the disbursement of an unmetabolized drug as it moves through the body's blood and tissues. this is where the drugs bind to the receptor |
| Metabolism | the chemical reactions that change drugs into compounds which are easier to eliminate. |
| Excretion | the process of removing a drug and its metabolites from the body. |
| Stages in Clinical Trials | preclinical research understand effects of treatment (phase 1) evaluate safety and efficacy (phase 2) confirm benefit and safety (phase 3) evaluate long term effects (phase 4) |
| Stages of Drug Approval Process | Step 1: Discovery and Development. Step 2: Preclinical Research. Step 3: Clinical Research. Step 4: FDA Drug Review. Step 5: FDA Post-Market Drug Safety Monitoring. |
| pharmacodynamics | the study of what drugs do to the body and how they do it. |
| maximal efficacy | the largest effect that a drug can produce. |
| Relative potency | the amount of drug that must be given to elicit an effect. |
| Affinity | strength of the attraction to the receptor |
| intrinsic activity | ability of the drug to activate a receptor upon binding |
| pharmacodynamic tolerance | Pharmacodynamic tolerance is a result of a drug’s repeated interaction with nerve receptors. The brain becomes used to the presence of the drug and requires higher doses to feel the effect previously achieved by lower doses. |
| metabolic tolerance | Metabolic tolerance occurs when the body metabolizes drugs at an accelerated rate. These changes reduce the drug concentration or the time of exposure that cells experience. |
| tachyphylaxis | reduction in drug responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a short time |
| bioavailability | ability of the drug to reach the systemic circulation from its site of administration |
| pharmacogenomics | study of how genes affect individual drug responses |
| drug variations | gender, diet, genetic variations, race, psychosocial factors. |
| succinylcholine | this is a mucscle relaxent drug. most muscle relaxers will rapidly diconnect succinylcholine stays bound causing paralysis. |
| allergic reaction | its determined primarily by the degree of sensititation of the immune system. |
| physical dependence | when your body has addapted to have a certain drug and needs it to function. you can die if your body is dependent and you stop taking it abruptly. |
Created by:
jackburzynski
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