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Jessica Casillas1
Anatomy Week 7-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What structure of the Schwann Cell is essential to normal nerve growth and the regeneration of injured nerve fibers? | neurilemma |
| What term describes the bundles of nerve fibers within the central nervous system? | tracts |
| Neurons have | very limited capacity to repair themselves |
| The _____ of a neuron is a single process that usually extends from aa tapered portion of the cell body. | axon |
| Excitable cells that conduct the impulses are called | neurons |
| Bundles of myelinated fibers make up the | white matter of the nervous system |
| The structural and functional center of the entire nervous system is the ____ nervous system. | central |
| The glia cells that help form the blood-brain barrier are the | astrocytes |
| These regions of the neuron direct electrical currents toward the cell body. | dendrite |
| Which of the following is not a structural classification of neurons? | polar |
| Nerves that originate from the brain are called _____ nerves. | cranial |
| The _____ of a presynaptic neuron associates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron. | axon terminal |
| The somatic nervous system carries information to the | skeletal muscles |
| This tends to be longest cytoplasmic projection from a neuron. | axon |
| Chemical signals diffuse between neurons at this location. | synapse |
| The _____ nervous system is a complex network of nerve pathways embedded in the intestinal wall with a network of integrators and feedback loops that can act somewhat independently. | enteric |
| This is the site of communication between neurons. | synapse |
| Which of these glia cells are located in the peripheral nervous system? | Schwann cells |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the _____ divisions. | parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| A signal conduction route to and from the central nervous system is a(n) | reflex arc |
| If you trace the axon inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber branches along which pathway? | synapses with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron,sends ascending or descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia, passes through one or more ganglia without synapsing |
| The dorsal root of each spinal nerve is easily recognized as a swelling called the | dorsal root ganglion. |
| A subdivision of the nervous system that regulates involuntary effectors is the _____ nervous system. | autonomic |
| The inner protective covering of the brain is called the | meninges. |
| Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid occurs in the | choroid plexus. |
| The large fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called the | ventricles. |
| Dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the | gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord. |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord? | 31 |
| The ventral rami of most spinal nerves subdivide to form complex networks called | plexuses. |
| The enteric nervous system is made up of a complex network of nerve plexuses that control the visceral effectors in the | intestinal wall. |
| The lower end of the spinal cord, with its attached spinal nerve roots, gives the appearance of a horse’s tail called the | cauda equina. |
| The three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are the | medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons. |
| Spinal cord tracts provide conduction paths to and from the brain. The tracts that conduct sensory impulses down the cord from the brain are called _____ tracts. | descending |
| Individual nerves that emerge from the _____ plexus innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm. | brachial |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called | pulse pressure. |
| Cardiac output is determined by | stroke volume and heart rate. |
| The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called | perfusion pressure |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: | hemodynamics |
| Which two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart? | blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| The trachea divides at its lower end into two | primary bronchi. |
| The vibrissae function as | filters. |
| Which organ consists largely of cartilages that are attached to one another and to surrounding structures by muscles or fibrous and elastic tissue components? | larynx |
| The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs make up the | lower respiratory tract. |
| An inflammation of the lower respiratory tract that involves the airways of the lungs is called | pneumonia. |
| The air-containing spaces that open, or drain, into the nasal cavity are called | paranasal sinuses. |
| During respiration, the thorax | becomes larger when the chest is raised. |
| Gas exchange occurs only in the | alveoli. |
| If you were to trace the movement of air through the nose into the pharynx, it would pass through the following structures in which order? | anterior nares, vestibule, meatus, and posterior nares |
| The small leaf-shaped cartilage that projects upward behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the | epiglottis. |
| The microscopic cilia function to | move mucus toward the pharynx. |
| The roof of the nose is separated from the cranial cavity by a portion of the ethmoid bone called the | cribriform plate. |
| The _____ of each lung lies against the ribs and is rounded to match the contours of the thoracic cavity. | costal surface |
| The surface of the respiratory membrane inside each alveolus is coated with a fluid containing | surfactant. |
| A common condition characterized by acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree is | acute bronchitis. |
| Most unipolar neurons are usually: | sensory neurons. |
| Which of the following is the deepest connective tissue layer of a nerve? | Endoneurium |
| The afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system: | carry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain. |
| Multipolar neurons have: | multiple dendrites and one axon. |
| The largest and most numerous types of neuroglia are the: | astrocytes. |
| Regeneration of nerve fibers will take place only if the cell body is intact and the fibers have: | a neurilemma. |
| Astrocytes attach to: | neurons and blood vessels |
| Which is true of a reflex arc? | It always consists of an afferent neuron and an efferent neuron. |
| The part of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle is the: | somatic nervous system. |
| Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord consists primarily of: | cell bodies. |
| Which is not true of the myelin sheath? | It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord. |
| The nervous system can be divided: | according to its structure, according to direction of information flow, by control of effectors. |
| The white matter of the nervous system is made up of: | myelinated fibers. |
| In the human nervous system: | there are almost equal numbers of glia cells and neurons. |
| Small distinct regions of gray matter in the CNS are called: | nuclei. |
| Which of the following compounds cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? | Dopamine |
| A neuron that transmits a nerve impulse toward the central nervous system is called a(n): | sensory neuron. |
| A neuron that has only one axon but several dendrites is classified as a _____ neuron. | multipolar |
| Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: | perineurium. |
| Dendrites conduct impulses _____ cell bodies. | toward |
| Which of the following is not a function of the central nervous system (CNS)? | Integrating sensory information, Evaluating the information, Initiating an outgoing response |
| Nerves that contain mostly afferent fibers are called _____ nerves. | sensory |
| The autonomic nervous system does not stimulate: | skeletal muscles. |
| Neurons in the CNS have less chance of regenerating for all of the following reasons except: | microglia lay down scar tissue. |
| One of the components of the blood-brain barrier is: | astrocytes. |
| Along a neuron, the correct pathway for impulse conduction is: | dendrite, cell body, and axon |
| Interneurons reside in the: | CNS only |
| The nervous system is organized to do which of the following? | Detect changes in the external environment, Detect changes in the internal environment, Evaluate changes in the environment. |
| The nervous system is organized to do which of the following? | Detect changes in the external environment, Detect changes in the internal environment, Evaluate changes in the environment. |
| Melanin-containing layer of the eye's vascular tunic. | choroid |
| Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin. | beta cells |
| The hormone produced by the heart | increases the excretion of sodium in the urine. |
| The basilar membrane supports the | spiral organ. |
| Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. | Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. |
| Endocrine gland of the thorax that is also important in immune function. | thymus gland |
| Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. | glucocorticoids |
| The nerve carrying taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the | facial. |
| Gustatory cells are located in all of the following areas except | on the apical surface of vallate papillae on the tongue. |
| Which endocrine gland stores enough of its hormone extracellularly to last several months? | the thyroid |
| Transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelid. | conjunctiva |
| Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. | zona reticularis |
| Which of the following statements does not correctly describe the spiral organ of Corti? | The tectorial membrane bends with vibrations, whereas the basilar membrane is rigid and fixed. |
| Bony labyrinth structure containing the utricle and saccule. | vestibule |
| Which of the following is not part of the flow of taste sensation along the gustatory pathway to the cerebral cortex? | hypothalamic appetite centers |
| Endolymph is made | in the stria vascularis. |
| Gel-like structure embedded with the tips of cochlear hair cells. | tectorial membrane |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? | thyroid and parathyroids |
| Membrane attached to the stapes. | oval window |
| Largest purely endocrine gland in the body. | thyroid gland |
| Region of the hypophysis that contains secretory endocrine cells derived from the oral ectoderm. | adenohypophysis |
| Fluid filling the posterior segment of the eye. | vitreous humor |
| Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone? | iodine |
| Transparent structure of the eye containing regularly aligned collagen fibers. | cornea |
| Receptors for hearing are located in the | cochlear duct. |
| The hypophyseal portal veins are primarily located in the | infundibulum |
| The anatomical stalk of the pituitary is also known as | infundibulum |
| Endolymph-filled structure containing receptors for hearing. | cochlear duct |
| Which of the following areas has the highest concentration of cones? | the fovea centralis |
| Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity in children. | calcitonin |
| Lymph capillaries called lacteals are located in the: | small intestine. |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| The type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as “not self” is called: | nonspecific immunity. |
| An infection in the thumb may result in enlargement of the _____ nodes. | superficial cubital |
| Which of the following is not a lymph organ? | Pancreas |
| The main difference between the composition of lymph and interstitial fluid and the composition of plasma is the _____ percentage of _____ in lymph and interstitial fluid. | lower; proteins |
| Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called | tonsils. |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense. | skin |
| Which substance can destroy pathogens by lowering the pH to a level at which they cannot function? | Hydrochloric acid |
| Lymphatics resemble veins except that lymphatics: | have thinner walls, contain more valves, contain lymph nodes located at certain intervals along their course. |
| Interferon inhibits the spread of: | viruses and cancer |
| Hassall corpuscles are part of the: | thymus. |
| The lymphatic system, like the circulatory system, is a closed circuit. | False |
| Lacteals: | are the lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines and are able to absorb fat from the digestive system. |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte |
| Which of the following is a true statement? | Lymph from the entire body, except the upper right quadrant, drains eventually into the thoracic duct. |
| The lymph nodes located just above the bend of the elbow are called the _____ lymph nodes. | supratrochlear |
| The cisterna chyli: | originates in the thoracic duct |
| Antibodies are proteins of the family called | immunoglobulins |
| The spleen is located in the _____ region. | left hypochondriac |
| The breast—the mammary gland and surrounding tissue—is drained by the: | lymphatics that originate in and drain the skin over the breast with the exception of the areola and nipple and lymphatics that originate in and drain the substance of the breast itself, as well as the skin of the areola and nipple. |
| The size of lymph nodes varies from _____ mm to more than _____ mm in diameter. | 1; 20 |
| A type of blood cell produced by lymph nodes is called a(n) | monocyte. |
| The tonsils located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity are called the _____ tonsils. | pharyngeal |
| About half of the lymph flowing through the thoracic duct comes from the: | liver and small intestine |
| Lymph ducts empty into the circulatory system, draining into the: | subclavian veins |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | thymus |
| The lymph nodes located in the groin are called the: | inguinal lymph nodes |
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