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Government Ch 7 & 11
Ch 7: Interest Groups Ch 8: Foreign Policy Ch 10: Political Parties in America
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Foreign Policies | Solves problems between the U.S. and Actors outside our borders - State Actor: Another country (China, Bulgaria) Non-State Actor: Not countries, just organizations (Alcada, Taliban | Terrorist organization) |
| Who makes foreign policies? | - President - National Security Advisor - Secretary of State, - Secretary of Defense |
| Who controls the Military? | President and Secretary of Defense |
| Congress crafts and controls what? | - Crafts structural defense policies - Uses its power to choose military base sites - Determines levels of defense spending - Controls money |
| Career Bureaucrats in the State Department and Intelligence Communities make? | Strategic policies/Plotting and devising American stances on global issues. |
| Foreign Policy Ideologies | - Isolationism - Interventionism - Neo-Conservatism - Non-Interventionism |
| Isolationism | Belief that Americans should put themselves and their problems first and not interfere in global concerns - Came after WW1 |
| Interventionism | Belief that America must be actively engaged in shaping the global environment and be willing to intervene in order to shape events. - Came after WW2 - Truman and Doctrine - Flexible Response - Massive Retaliation Doctrine |
| Truman Doctrine | Containing the Soviet Geopolitical Expansion during the Cold War |
| Flexible Response | Stated that the U.S. would reserve its options when responding to soviet aggression |
| Massive Retaliation Doctrine | Doctrine made by the Eisenhower Administration from 1953 - 1967 (Since we had the only nuclear bombs) |
| Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) | Any attack by one superpower will result in the destruction of both - Thus creating the TRIAD Doctrine. |
| TRIAD Doctrine | 3 strategic nuclear forces to ensure that the US can strike back - Land-based Missiles - Strategic Bombers (Air based) - Submarine Launched Missiles (Water Based | In water) - Cruise Missiles | 4th Possible Force (Water Based | On water) 1980s |
| Neo-Conservatism | Belief that America is the “good” (Since Democracy, Extending Freedom, and Helping people) in the world that ought to combat the “evil” (Terrorists since attacking innocence citizens) - Came after 9/11 - Bush Doctrine |
| Bush Doctrine | - Preemption - Preventive: Threat on border, kill it - Act Alone - Extend Freedom (Democracy) |
| Preemption | - Strick 1st - Take all threats out, even small - Kill all future threats before it becomes a problem |
| Act Alone | With us or against us. Not helping us then our enemy. We don’t care about the repercussions. |
| Extend Freedom (Democracy): | Democracies almost never go to war with another. So if you want to spread peace then spread Democracy. Solve it by court system than force. Avoid war (Only 2 times war with another Democracy) |
| Non-Interventionism | Belief that the US should refrain as much as possible from intervening in the affairs of other countries - Post Iraq view by Libertarians and progressive Americans - Pick and choose which issues they will act upon. |
| Public Policy | Government's plan of action to solve a problem within society. (4 Step Process.) 1. Agenda Setting 2. Policy Information 3. Policy Adoption 4. Policy Implementation |
| Agenda Setting | To solve an issue, it needs to be brought to the attention of policymakers - Ex: Organizing events, interest groups, president, media coverage, etc. |
| Policy Information | Developing solutions and debating them in the legislature (Legislature is to solve the issue at hand) |
| Policy Adoption | Passing legislation that legitimizes the policy solution (Finally a law) |
| Policy Implementation | Policy is made once federal or state agencies interpret the policy by writing regulations and guiding documents. |
| 3 Types of Public Policies | - Redistributive Policies - Distributive Policies - Regulatory Policies |
| Redistributive Policies | Policies that shift resources from one party to another (Social Parties) - Tends to shift from the rich to the poor (Robin Hood Effect) - Hard to implement because moving resources from rich citizens, who are more politically active, don't like this. |
| Distributive Policies | Policies funded by the whole taxpayer base but used to address the needs of specific groups - Easier to implement - Cost are shared, so no group bears the brunt of expenses - Ex: Loans/Grants and apply it back to society, hopefully making it better. |
| Regulatory Policies | - Designed to restrict or change the behavior of certain groups - Controversial, Confrontational, and Breeds resentment/pushback from groups - Ex: Government doesn’t want you to use cigarettes make it more expensive to dissuade you from buying it |
| Distributive and Redistributive Policies | Distributive or redistributive policies are created to improve people’s standards of living. |
| Social Policies | Government action aimed at addressing social need - Social Welfare Policies - Means-tested Programs - Social Insurance Programs - Subsidies |
| Social Welfare Policies | Policies seeking to meet citizen needs for food, shelter, clothing, jobs, education, old age care, and health care (Don’t exactly see it as a necessity. Food, shelter, clothing, old age care are necessities) |
| Means-tested Programs | Programs that require benefactors to demonstrate their need to qualify |
| Social Insurance Programs | Programs that offer benefits in exchange for contributions (Social Security) |
| Subsidies | Financial encourages given by the government to corporations or individuals - Ex: Provide housing to low-income families |
| Interest Groups | Clubs who have a similar interest and seek to influence public policy - More narrowly focused - Ex: Honor Society, Mothers against Drunk Driving |
| Interest Groups Characteristics | - Don’t function to elect candidates or control operations of government - May be membership companies, people join by paying or represent organizations to support them - Employ In-House L to convince policymakers to give stuff or retain contract L. |
| 3 Interest Groups (In Texas?) | Economic Interest Groups Equal Opportunity Interest Groups Public Interest Groups |
| Economic Interest Groups | Form to influence policymakers for their own economic benefit. - Unions (Better benefits and salary) - Most Interest Groups |
| Equal Opportunity Interest Groups | Promote civil and economic rights for underrepresented groups. - Citizen Groups Ex: Black Lives Matter |
| Public Interest Groups | Form to convince policymakers to produce collective public goods (Groups that are working for the Collective good) - Mothers Against Drunk Driving |
| 5 Functions of Interest Groups | Interest Aggregation Electioneering Use of Litigation Credible sources of Info for Political Officeholders Lobbying |
| Interest Aggregation | The act of joining like-minded people to gain political power |
| Electioneering | Interest Groups try to influence who gets elected to public office by supporting candidates running for office - Ex. Campaign aids, register to vote, donate money |
| Use of Litigation | Litigation: Process of taking legal action - Interest Groups may use litigation to stop or advance policies |
| Credible sources of information for Political Officeholders | Political Officeholders seek them out on issues where they aren't familiar or educated in. |
| Lobbying | Contacting members of the 3 branches of government in order to influence policy decisions. (Persuade policymakers to support a group issue position) - Direct Lobbying - Indirect Lobbying |
| Direct Lobbying | A direct interaction with policymakers to influence their decisions - Not easy (Easier to hand a BIG check and donate money) |
| Indirect Lobbying | Try to influence policymakers by encouraging the general public to pressure them. - Very effective. Letter, email, and call. |
| Strategies of Interest Groups | - Targeting lawmakers when legislation is on the floor - Targeting the budget process to max benefits to their group - Trying to defeat legislation that hurt their views by getting the public against the policy - Influence the president with money |
| Biased Pluralism | Policy Support through the Mass Media tends to favor Business Groups over Citizen Groups |
| Paid Media | When groups pay to advertise through television, social media, and print |
| Earned Media | When groups attract media attention through efforts that are deemed newsworthy (Sad, disasters, environment issues) or attractive to journalists and editors. |
| Political Action Committees (PACS) | Interest Groups must create these committees to collect and spend money on candidates and political campaigns. - IG cannot give money directly to candidates running for office. |
| Soft Money (Good money) | - Unlimited raising and spending of money - Cannot be spent on candidates but rather on political party activities such as party building, advertising, and campaigns. |
| Dark Money (Bad money) | - Money raised by nonprofit/ 501 profit organizations. Don’t have to report their sources of funding or the amount of donations. - Bad because they don’t have to report so they could be a terrorist group that is giving them money. |
| Independent Expenditures | Money spent on behalf of candidates by IG, without coordination with the candidates or with their campaign. |
| Super PACS | Independent organizations that raise and spend unlimited money on individuals, corporations, and unions. - Citizens don’t like them since Politicians are controlled by them since bribes |
| The Lobbying Disclosure Act 1995 | Defines who can and cannot lobby. Requires lobbyists and IG to register with the federal government. - Gave gifts in exchange of policies being passed - Governments require disclosure about the amount of money spent on lobbying efforts |
| The Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 | - Increased restrictions on lobbying - Govs. require disclosure about amount spent on lobbying - Federal & state govs. prohibit activities like giving gifts to lawmakers/lobbyists during dinner - Not effective since they can give gifts at morning. |
| 2 Interest Group Theories | Pluralist Theory Elite Theory |
| Pluralist Theory | Believes IG will arise as societies become more economically and socially complex. - Developed by James Madison - Push for their interests and governmental benefits. (Ideological, environmental, etc.) |
| Pluralist Theory Characteristics | - Ensure that policy will not benefit a person but the majority. - As groups feel deprived, begin to organize and compete for benefits. - Every group benefits but doesn’t get everything they want |
| Elite Theory | Theory that a few powerful IG will consistently prevail in public policymaking, often at the expense of the majority and acquiring a monopoly on political power. |
| Elite Theory Characteristics | - Dominate other IG and push for public policies benefiting only them and their members than overall society. - Can’t be counterbalanced |
| Are political parties necessary in a democracy? | No but it’s natural and bound to happen. Yes, Scholars believe it is. Democracy is “unworkable” without Parties |
| Political Parties | An organization of common mind people who support candidates for office and collaborate government to apply policy. - Sum up people’s views - Easier for citizens to participate in politics. - Citizens vote based on group so they aren’t informed |
| Difference between Interest Groups and Political Parties | Interest Groups: Influence elections & focused on a specific issue Political Parties: Winning election & creating that policy (Doing all the work) Composed of 3 Components - Party in the Electorate - Party as an Organization - Party in Government |
| Party in the Electorate | Identifies with a political party |
| Party as an Organization | Work for the party and party itself and the way it’s run (Paid staff and members) |
| Party in Government | Party in office/government |
| Party Platformer | Tell you what they believe in |
| Party Systems | - 1st Party System 1800 - 1828 - 2nd Party System 1828 - 1860 - 3rd Party System 1860 - 1896 - 4th Party System 1896 - 1932 - 5th Party System 1932 - 1980 - 6th Party System 1980 - Present |
| 1st Party System 1800 - 1828 | - Parties formed because leaders must find ways to stay in office (Requires alliances to be created) - One party forced the making of another (Federalist and Republicans) |
| 1st Party System 1800 - 1828 Continuation | - Pursued shared control between the states & federal government, DR led the nation. - Parties were not well organized & funded by today’s standards. - DR showed the power of party branding when running for office. |
| 2nd Party System 1828 - 1860 | - More than 700,000 new voters engaged in politics (Largest expansion before 15th Amendment) - Had to be a landowner since more invested in the country - Tension between the strong & weak government faction of DR cause the formation of the W and D |
| 2nd Party System 1828 - 1860 Continuation | - Many 3rd Parties emerge to support popular single issues. - Democrats controlled the South - Whigs controlled North - Party Machines: Party system where parties provide services & resources to voters in exchange for votes. |
| 3rd Party System 1860 - 1896 | - Main parties: D and R - The arrival of the R marks the 3-party system and the creation of a 2-party system. - Increase in party control in Congress |
| 3rd Party System 1860 - 1896 Continuation | - Changed the way politicians shared power in the institutions - By limiting the participation of D & R gave the majority party a advantage in controlling the agenda. |
| 4th Party System 1896 - 1932 | - Better transportation and increased educated electorates forced candidates to travel in order to get a political campaign - Infighting occurs within both parties (Ex: Should currency be set to the price of gold or silver) |
| Fusion Ticket | Allows a candidate to be the nominee of a major and minor party at the same time (Outlawed since unfair in 1997) |
| 5th Party System 1932 - 1980 | - The New Deal Coalition: A deal for America that will work with the government to give what the people needed the most. - Built by Franklin Roosevelt - Led the longest era of 1 party control - Democrats ruled so no party rival |
| 5th Party System 1932 - 1980: Party Polarization | - Had the lowest party polarization - Party Polarization: When 2 parties are different enough from one another that there is no overlap in the ideologies of their members. |
| 6th Party System 1980 - Present | - No long relying on parties to mandate the candidates - Frequent Turnover for Party Control - Greater Electoral Competitiveness - Weak Party Organization: Stronger Candidates - Parties loosely hold together allied factions |
| 6th Party System 1980 - Present: 2 Types of Government | - Divided Government: White House: D Senate: D House: R - Unified Government: All ruled by R |
| What Party Eras tell us | - Parties do whatever it takes to win, including adapting platforms (ideas) - Like switching parties. Saying I’m Repub but actually Demo. - Parties adopt strategies that made the other party successful - Parties haven’t always held the same views |
| Types of Elections | - Special Elections - Primaries - General Elections - Midterm Elections |
| Special Elections | A scheduled election to fill a position due to death or retirement of the person during their term in office, impeachments, etc |
| Primaries | Elections held to determine the main party candidates (Face) for the general election (Decide if you get into office) |
| General Elections | - Occur on the 1st Tuesday after the 1st Monday in November - Required by law every 2 years - All House members and 1/3 of senators, 4yrs for president up for election (Are voters?) |
| Midterm Elections | Elections in years without president elections |
| Electoral College | - EC is the indirect mechanism for electing the president of the US - 538: 100 Senators, 435 House, 3 from DC - Every State: 2 Senate 1 House |
| Constitution and Election Rules | - 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th, 26th A - Article 1 Section 4 of Constitution - Indian Citizenship Act 1924 - Magnuson Act 1943 - Voting Rights Act 1965 - Overseas Citizens Voting Act 1986 - Handlicap Act of 1984 |
| 14th Amendment: Due Process of Law | - Due Process of Law: Proper Notice of why you’re being arrested or rights are taken away, the opportunity to be heard (right to an attorney), ability to have an impartial (Unbiased) jury - Protecting Natural Rights: Life, liberty, pursuit of property |
| 14th Amendment: Defining Citizens | - Defining Citizens/Granting Citizenship: Naturalized citizen, (Anyone born in US soil, not exactly in US) - Equal protection of laws (Doesn’t matter religion, gender, or social class) |
| 15th Amendment: Voting Amendment | - Citizens can vote no matter their race or previous condition of servitude (Ever been in jail. Convicted of a felony you lose the right to vote.) - However, you gain it back once you finish sentence, probation, parole, and restitution |
| 19th Amendment (Voting Amendment) | - Right to vote no matter your gender - 1920 |
| 24th Amendment (Voting Amendment) | - Right to vote no matter poll tax - Poll Tax: To vote you need a valid which costed money so tax) or other taxes (Parking, spending gas to get there and go back home so polls have to be close) - 1964 |
| 26th Amendment (Voting Amendment) | - Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 - 1971 |
| Indian Citizenship Act (Voting Amendment) | - Gave all Native Americans the right to vote - 1924 |
| Congress can.... | Pass any law to enforce amendments |
| Article 1: Section 4 of the Constitution | - Granting states authority to pick the time, place, and manner of holding elections for senators or representatives - Granting Congress authority to change it if it doesn’t fit US schedule |
| Magnuson Act of 1943 | - Repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act. - Allowed current Chinese residents to become naturalized citizens (Did it since China said US was unfair) |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | - Protect voters from discrimination when they registered to vote when they cast ballots (Mostly Minorities) - Need to provide different languages for citizens to cast) |
| Overseas Citizens Voting Act of 1986 | - Provides resources that allow military personnel overseas to vote and civilians working abroad enough time to vote (Still Hard) |
| Handicapped Act of 1984 | Voting accessibility for the elderly by ramps |
| Shelby County v. Holder 2013 | - Removed the requirement of preclearance (Needed 9 states to get federal approval to change the law) in the 9 southern states - Didn’t want to be punished from grandfather's mistakes and North was more racist than South (Texas, Mississippi, Arkansaw) |
| Campaigns | - Used to increase voter turnout and candidate’s name recognition - Inform public and drive discussions about what voters want from their representation - Electioneering |
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