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Pharm exam 2*
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Renin inhibitors | Aliskiren Tx for hypertension inhibits renin which prevents angiotensinogen from being activated |
| ACE inhibitors (antihypertensive) | Captopril, lisinopril Tx for hypertension, HF, MI, diabetes nephropathy Blocks conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 casing vasodilation |
| Angiotensin 2 Blockers | Lorsartan, valsartan Tx for hypertension and diabetic nephropathy Blocks action of angiotensin 2 resulting in vasodilation |
| Aldosterone antagonist | Eplerenone Tx for hypertension and HF post MI inhibits effect of aldosterone decreasing reabsorption of sodium and water |
| Calcium channel blockers (antihypertensive) | Verapamil, nifedipine, diltiazem Tx for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias (diltiazem) and pre term labor (nifedipine) Blocks calcium channel in the heart and blood vessels leading to vasodilation which decreases HR & BP |
| Centrally acting alpha 2 agonists | Clonidine Tx for hypertension Decreases sympathetic outflow from CNS which decreases BP |
| Beta 1 blockers (antihypertensive, antianginal, anti arrhythmia) | Metoprolol, atenolol Tx for hypertension, angina, HF, arrhythmias, MI. Decreases BP and HR by blocking beta 1 (heart) receptors |
| Nonselective beta blockers | Propranolol, labetalol, carvedilol Tx for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, MI. Blocks beta 1 (heart) and beta 2 (lung) receptors. Decreases BP & HR |
| Vasodilators | Nitroprusside Tx for hypertensive crisis Decreases BP through potent vasodilation |
| Nitrates | Nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate Tx of angina Vasodilation, decreasing preload and myocardial oxygen demand |
| Cardiac glycosides | Digoxin Tx for HF, AFib, A flutter Positive inotropic effect increasing force and efficiency of heat contractions and negative Chronotropic effect decreasing HR |
| Class 1 antiarrhythmics | Procainamide, lidocaine Tx for ventricular arrhythmia and supraventricular tachycardia Sodium channel blocker |
| Class 2 antiarrhythmic | Atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol Tx for Afib, A flutter; ventricular arrhythmias Beta blockers |
| Class 3 antiarrhythmics | Amiodarone Tx for severe arrhythmias vfib and vtach Potassium channel blocker |
| Class 4 antiarrhythmics | Verapamil, diltiazem Tx for Afib, a flutter, supraventricular tachycardia Calcium channel blockers |
| Other antiarrhythmics | Adenosine Tx for supraventricular tachycardia Decreases conduction time through the AV node |
| Anticholinergic/ Antimuscarinic | Atropine Tx for sinus bradycardia, heart block, drying of secretions during surgery Antagonizes acetylcholine which increases HR |
| IV/ subcutaneous anticoagulants | Heparin, enoxaparin Prevention and tx of thromboembolic disorders (stroke, DVT, PE) Activated antithrombin inhibiting thrombus formation. Prevents clot formation. Does not break up existing clots |
| Oral anticoagulants: Coumarins | Warfarin Prevention and Tx of thromboembolic disorders (DVT, PE, AFIB with thrombus). Prevention of complications following MI antagonizes vitamin K preventing formation of several clotting factors |
| Oral anticoagulants: factor Xa inhibitors | Rivaroxaban, apixaban Prevention of DVT, PE, stroke in pts with AFIB Inhibits factor Xa blocking the coagulation cascade |
| Platelet aggregation inhibitors | Clopidogrel Prevention of MI, stroke in pts with acute coronary syndrome or peripheral vascular disease Inhibits platelet aggregation |
| Thrombin inhibitors | Argatroban, dabigatran Prevention and Tx of thromboembolic disorders (dabigatran). Anticoagulation in pts with HIT (argatroban) Blocks thrombin receptors which prevents activation of clotting factors and decreases thrombus formation |
| Thrombolytics | Alteplase, streptokinase, reteplase Tx for MI, stroke, PE, occluded central IVs Indirect destruction of fibrinogen, dissolves clots |
| Fibrinolysis inhibitors | Aminocaproic acid Tx for hemorrhage Inhibits fibrinolysis enabling clot formation |
| Erythropoiesis stimulating agents | Epoetin Alfa Tx for anemia related to CKD, diabetes, HIV, chemotherapy Stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs |
| Colony stimulating factor | Filgrastim Tx for neutropenia related to chemotherapy Stimulates bone marrow to produce neutrophils |
| Adrenergics: bronchodilator/ vasopressor | Epinephrine Tx for anaphylaxis, advanced cardiac life support Stimulates alpha 1 sites (vasoconstriction), beta 1 receptors to increase HR and beta 2 receptors (bronchodilation) |
| Adrenergics: vasopressor | Norepinephrine Tx for shock severe hypotension Stimulated alpha 1 sites (vasoconstriction) beta 1 receptors increasing CO |
| Adrenergics: inotropic/ vasopressor | Dopamine Tx for shock, sepsis, HF, renal failure Stimulates alpha 1 receptors, beta 1 receptors, and dopaminergic receptors increasing renal perfusion |
| Adrenergics: inotropic | Dobutamine Tx for cardiogenic shock and HF Stimulates beta 1 receptors increasing CO |
| Colloid/ volume expander | Albumin Tx for shock, hemorrhage, burns Maintains osmotic pressure in the plasma |
| Statins | Atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin Tx for hypercholesterolemia, prevention of CAD decreases LDL production and increases HDL production |
| Cholesterol absorption inhibitors | Ezetimibe Tx for hypercholesterolemia Inhibits absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine |
| Bile acid sequestrants | Cholestyramine, Colesevelam Tx for hypercholesterolemia Binds bile acids in the GI tract decreasing LDL cholesterol |
| Fibril acid derivatives | Gemfibrozil, fenofibrate Tx for hypercholesterolemia Decrease’s triglyceride production and transport. Increases HDL levels |
| Water soluble vitamins | Niacin (vitamin B3) Tx for hypercholesterolemia Decreases lipoprotein and triglyceride synthesis |
| Antianemics: water soluble vitamins | Folic acid (folate , vitamin B9) & cyanoconalamin (vitamin B12) B9: Tx for megaloblastic and macrocyctic anemia. Prevent neural tube defect Stimulates production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets B12: tx for pernicious anemia Synthetic form of vitamin B12 ne |
| Antianemics: iron supplements | Ferrous sulfate (PO) Iron dextran (IV/IM) Tx for iron deficiency anemia Essential component of hemoglobin |
| Calcium supplements | Calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium gluconate Calcium carbonate and citrate: tx for hypocalcemia, prevention of post-menopausal osteoporosis Calcium gluconate: emergency tx of hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia Electrolytes needed for bone/teeth f |
| Potassium supplements | Potassium chloride Tx for hypokalemia Electrolyte needed for maintenance of ICF, nerve/ muscle function |
| Alkalinizing agent/ antacid | Sodium bicarbonate Tx for metabolic acidosis, peptic ulcer disease Promotes acid-base balance by releasing bicarbonate ions. Neutralizes stomach acid. |
| Potassium binding agents | Sodium polystyrene sulfonate Tx for hyperkalemia Exchanges Na ions for K ions in the intestine increasing excretion of K |
| Magnesium supplements | Magnesium chloride, magnesium gluconate, magnesium oxide Tx for hypomagnesemia, preterm labor, pre-eclampsia, torsades de pointes Electrolyte needed for nerve and muscle function. Slows uterine contractions |
| Cholinergics | Bethanechol Tx for non-obstructive urinary retention Stimulates cholinergic receptors, causing contraction and emptying of the bladder |
| Anticholinergic agents | Oxybutynin Tx for overactive bladder Inhibits ACh in the bladder, decreasing urinary urgency and frequency |
| Urinary tract analgesic | Phenazopyridine Tx for pain, frequency, urgency associated with UTI Acts as a local anesthetic on the urinary tracy. Is not an antibiotic. Does not treat a UTI |
| Osmotic diuretic | Mannitol Tx for increased intracranial pressure and increased intraocular pressure and edema Decreases ICP and IOP by increasing serum osmolality |
| Urinary tract antiseptic | Nitrofurantoin Tx for UTI Inhibits bacterial enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and cell wall protein |
Created by:
madiehall1
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