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Chapter 15 Anatomy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| List the organs of the digestive tract, in order | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus |
| List the accessory organs of the digestive tract | salivary glands, tongue, teeth, pancreas, liver, gallbladder |
| Location of greater omentum | hangs down inferiorly from the stomach, covering the small intestines and a portion of the large intestine |
| location of lesser omentum | underneath the greater omentum; extends from stomach to the liver |
| saliva functions | cleanses teeth, inhibits bacterial growth, lubricated and binds food together for swallowing |
| salivary glands locations | parotid - on top of masseter muscle submandibular - underneath mandibular region sublingual - underneath tongue |
| salivary gland secretions | parotid - salivary amylase submandibular - mucins + salivary amylase sublingual - mucins |
| layers of digestive tract from inner to outer | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
| Functions of the ENS | 1. coordinate muscle activity for stomach churning and peristalsis 2. regulate secretions that maintain optimal pH for enzyme function |
| what is the esophageal hiatus | where the esophagus penetrates through the diaphragm |
| what is the cardial orifice | where esophagus connects to stomach |
| what occurs during the oral phase of swallowing | food bolus formed in the mouth and pushed towards laryngopharynx |
| what occurs during pharyngeal phase of swallowing | soft palate, tongue, vocal chords, and epiglottis block nasal cavities and airway; pharyngeal constrictors push food bolus into esophagus |
| what occurs during esophageal phase of swallowing | peristalsis drives food bolus down esophagus; relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter allows food bolus into stomach |
| what types of cells are located in gastric pits | columnar cells, G cells, chief cells, parietal cells, mucous cells, regenerative cells |
| what types of cells are located in pyloric pits | columnar cells, G cells, parietal cells, mucous cells, regenerative cells |
| What do chief cells secrete | pepsinogen, gastric lipase |
| what do G cells secrete | gastrin |
| what to parietal cells secrete | HCl |
| what does gastric lipase do | breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol |
| what does pepsinogen do | nothing, pepsinogen has to be activated and turned into pepsin |
| what does pepsin do | begins the breakdown of proteins |
| what does gastrin do | increases secretory activity of gastric glands |
| what does HCl do | activated pepsinogen and turns it into pepsin; activates gastric lipase; converts dietary iron into a form usable by body |
| what is gastric juice made of | water + HCl + lipase + pepsin |
| how is the stomach protected from gastric juice and other enzymes | 1. Mucosa layer produces mucus that neutralizes HCl and resists other enzymes 2. epithelial cells joined tightly together prevents gastric juice from seeping between cells 3. rapid cell replacement |
| what occurs during the intestinal phase as chyme move from the stomach to the small intestine | chyme enters duodenum > local reflexes + secretion of secretin and cholecystokinin are triggered > digestive juices stop being produced in the stomach |
| what enzymes are secreted by the microvilli brush border | lipase and peptidase |
| what does peptidase do | breaks down peptides into amino acids |
| what is bile composed of | minerals, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile acids (salts), bile pigments |
| liver cells | hepatocytes |
| flow of bile | secreted into channels between hepatocytes > common hepatic duct > joined by cystic duct from gallbladder > 2 ducts converge to form bile duct > bile duct empties contents into duodenum |
| what does the appendix contain | densely populated lymphocytes |
| what are taenia coli | longitudinal fiber layer that gives rise to haustra (singular: haustrum) |
| what are haustrum | segmented pouches that make up large intestine; contents pushed from haustrum to haustrum via haustral contractions |
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MarWri
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