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Muscles and Joints
Muscles
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Tendon | A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. |
| Skeletal Muscle | Compromise 30-40% of total body mass. Allow you to perform a wide range of movements and functions |
| Cardiac Muscle | Makes up the thick layer of the heart. |
| Smooth Muscle | A type of muscle that contracts without any voluntary control |
| Sarcomere | The basic contractile unit of a myocyte. |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | A complex network of specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum that is important in transmitting the electrical impulse as well as in the storage of calcium ions. |
| Calcium Ions (Ca+2) | Controls a variety of cellular processes. One of the most ubiquitous intracellular second messengers. |
| Actin Filaments | Form a network that provides mechanical support, determines cell shape, and allows movement of the cell surface, thereby enabling cells to migrate, engulf particles, and divide. |
| Myosin Filaments | Play two key roles in muscle contraction and cell motility. |
| Troponin | A globular protein complex involved in muscle contraction. Occurs when tropomyosin is in thin filaments of muscle tissue. |
| Tropomyosin | A protein involved in muscle contraction. It is related to myosin and occurs together with troponin in the thin filaments of muscle tissue. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. The breakage of one phosphate linkage (to form adenosine diphosphate, ADP) provides energy for physiological processes like muscular contraction |
| Muscle must have... | at least 2 points of attachment |
| The attachment that moves is called... | the Insertion; the attachment that remains stationary is the Origin. |
| Muscles must cross... | at least 1 joint |
| Muscles work in opposing pairs: | A muscle that decreases the angle of the joint is called a Flexor; a muscle that increases the angle of a joint is called an extensor |
| Muscles can only pull/ | contract to get shorter |
| Macroscopic striations show.. | the direction of muscle contraction |
| Muscle Fatigue | A symptom that decreases your muscles' ability to perform over time. |
| Electromyogram (EMG) | Measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nerve's stimulation of the muscle. |
| Tetany | A condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid gland and a consequent deficiency of calcium. |
| Fibrous/Synarthrotic | A fixed joint where collagenous fibrous connective tissue connects two bones. |
| Cartilaginous/Amphiarthrotic | A joint that has limited mobility. |
| Synovial/Diarthrotic | Joins bones or cartilage with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones,/ |
| Saddle Joint | A joint with saddle-shaped articular surfaces that are convex in one direction and concave in another and that permit movements in all directions except axial rotation. |
| Hinge Joint | A type of synovial joint that exists in the body and serves to allow motion primarily in one plane. |
| Ellipsoidal/Condyloid Joint | An ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. |
| Planar/Gliding Joint | Bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved faces. |
| Pivot Joint | Joints that permit rotatory movement of bones, around a single axis. |
| Ball and Socket Joint | An articulation in which the rounded head of one bone fits into a cup-like cavity of the other and admits movement in any direction. |
| Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage | 2-4mm thick. Does not have blood vessels, nerves, or lymphatics. |
| Elastic Cartilage | Supports parts of the body that need to bend and move to function. |
| Fibrocartilage | Cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord. |
| Ligaments | A short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones ot cartilages or holds together a joint. |
| Active Range of Motion (AROM) | The range of motion that can be achieved when opposing muscles contract and relax, resulting in joint movement. |
| Passive Range of Motion (PROM) | The range of motion that is achieved when an outside force (such as a therapist) causes movement of a joint. |
| Rotation (Medial & Lateral) | Movements made about the longitudinal axis and in the transverse plane. |
| Circumduction | The orderly combination of shoulder movements so that the hand traces a circle and the arm traces a cone. |
| Abduction | The motion of a limb or appendage away from the midline of the body. |
| Adduction | When you move a limb/body part towards the center of the body. |
| Depression | The movement inferiorly or lowering down of a body part. |
| Elevation | Movement in a superior direction. |
| Dorisflexion | The decreased angle between the dorsal side of the body part and the bone or bones that are proximal to the body. |
| Plantar Flexion | The extension of the ankle so that the foot points down and away from the leg. |
| Flexion | A movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. |
| Extension | A movement that increases the angle between two body parts. |
| Supination | A rotational movement of the forearm at the radioulnar joint, or of the foot at the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints. |
| Pronation | A rotational movement of the forearm that results in the palm facing posteriorly. |
| Inversion | The movement of the sole towards the median plane- so that the sole faces in a medial direction. |
| Eversion | A type of movement at the ankle joint that involves turning outward the sole of the foot away from the body's midline. |
| Goniometer | A device that measures an angle or permits the rotation of an object to a definite position. |
| Kinesiology | The study of movement |
| Knee Joint | The joint where the bones of the lower and upper legs meet. |
| Meniscus | The crescent-shaped cartilaginous band between the medial tibial and medial femoral condyle. |
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) | One of the two cruciate ligaments which stabilizes the knee joint by preventing excessive forward movements of the tibia or limiting rotational knee movements. |
| Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) | The strongest ligament in the knee. Extends from the top-rear surface of the tibia to the bottom-front surface of the femur. |
| Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) | On the outer side of your knee and runs from the top part of the fibula to the outside part of your lower thigh bone. |
| Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) | One of four ligaments that keep the knee joint stable. Spans the distance from the end of the femur to the top of the tibia and is on the inner side of the knee joint. |
| Bursa | An important lubricated fluid-filled thin sac located between bone and surrounding soft tissue, bones and tendons, and/or muscles around joints. |
| Anterior Drawer Test | A knee assessment that your doctor, physical therapist, or sports therapist uses to check for an ACL injury. |
| Posterior Drawer Test | A common orthopedic test to assess for posterior cruciate ligament tears. |
| Valgus Stress Test | Used to assess the integrity of the medial collateral ligament of the knee. |
| Varus Stress Test | The actual workhorse test to perform when one is assessing for posterolateral instability of the knee. |
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