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PF pharma 4,5,6,7,8
pharma 4,5,6
| Acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter that allows a nerve impulse to cross the synaptic junction (gap) between two nerve fibers or between a nerve fiber and an organ |
| acetylcholinesterase | an enzyme that brings about the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic gap |
| adrenergic | a term used to describe an action or a receptor that is activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine |
| analgesia | the absence of the sensation of pain |
| anesthesia | the loss of all sensation. may be described as local (affecting a small area), regional, or surgical (accompanied by unconsciousness). |
| autonomic nervous system | that portion of the nervous system that controls involuntary activities |
| catalepsy | a state of involuntary muscle rigidity that is accompanied by immobility, amnesia, and variable amounts of of analgesia. some reflexes may be preserved. |
| catecholamine | the class of neurotransmitters that includes dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. when giving therapeutically, catecholamines mimic the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. |
| cholinergic | activated or transmitted through acetylcholine; also called parasympathetic. cholinergic drugs increased activity in the gastrointestinal tract. |
| effector | a gland, organ, or tissue that responds to nerve stimulation with a specific action. |
| ganglionic synapse | the site of the synapse between neuron one and neuron two of the autonomic nervous system. |
| minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) | a measure of potency and is the alveolar concentration that prevents movement in 50 % of patients in response to a painful stimulus. lower numbers indicate more potent agents. |
| Muscarinic receptors | receptors activated by acetylcholine and muscarine that are found in glands the heart, and smooth muscle. an acronym for remembering muscarine effects I SLUD. S- salvation; L- lacrimation, U- urination; D- defecation |
| neuroleptanalgesia | a combination of an opioid with a tranquilizer or sedative. |
| nicotinic receptors | receptors activated by acetylcholine and nicotine found at the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle and at the ganglionic synapses. |
| parasympathetic nervous system | that portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the craniosacral portion of the spinal cord, is mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and is concerned primarily with conserving and restoring a steady state in the body. |
| parasympatholytic | a drug used to inhibit the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system |
| parasympathomimetic | a drug that mimics the effects of stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system |
| precision vaporizer | a part of the anesthesia machine, located out of the circuit, used to concert a liquid anesthesia into a gas state and produce a precise concentration of anesthetic vapor in the carrier gas passing through the vaporizer and delivered to the patientvcvcvg |
| sedative | a drug used to suppress brain activity and awareness; reduce excitement by causing sleepiness. |
| sympathetic nervous system | that portion of the autonomic nervous stem that Aries from the thoracolumbar spinal cord, is mediated by catecholamines, and is concerned with the flight or flight response. |
| sympatholytic | a drug used to inhibit the activity of the sympathetic nervous system; block the effects of the adrenergic neurotransmitters |
| sympathomimetic | a drug that mimics the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system |
| tranquilzer | a drug used to calm a patient by decreasing anxiety, not necessary reduce awareness |
| vapor pressure | vapor pressure of an agent indicates how volatile it is and the maximum concentration that can be achieved. |
| aerosolization | the conversion of a liquid into a fine mist or colloidal suspension in air |
| antitussive | a drug that inhibits or suppresses the cough reflex |
| bronchoconstriciton | narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles, which results in increased airway resistance and decreased air flow |
| bronchodilation | widening lumen of bronchi and bronchioles, which results from relaxation of smooth muscles in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles. airway resistance is decreased, and airflow is increased. |
| decongestant | a substance that reduces the swelling of mucous membranes |
| expectorant | a drug that enhances the expulsion of secretions from the respiratory tract |
| humidification | addition of moisture to the air |
| IgA | (immunoglobulin A ) class of antibody processed on the mucous membrane surfaces, such as those of the respiratory tract. |
| inspissated | thickened or dried out |
| mucolytic | having the ability to break down mucus |
| nebulization | the process of converting liquid medications into a spray that can be carried in the respiratory system by inhaled air |
| nonproductive cough | a cough that does not result in coughing up of mucous, secretions or debris (a dry cough) |
| productive cough | a cough that results in coughing up of mucus, secretions, or debris |
| reverse sneeze | aspiration reflex- short periods of noisy inspiratomry effort in dogs |
| surfactant | a mixture of phospholipids recreated by type II alveolar cells that reduce surface tension in pulmary fluids |
| viscid | sticky |
| agonist | a drug that brings about a septic action by binding with the appropriate receptors |
| antagonist | a drug that inhibits a specific. action by by binding with a particular receptor |
| atony | the absence or lack of normal tone or strength |
| detrusor | the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder that is mainly responsible for emptying the bladder during urination |
| erythropoiesis | the formation of erythrocytes |
| detrusor areflexia | the absence of detrusor contractions |
| erythropoietin | a glycoprotein hormone secreted mainly by the kidney; it acts on stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate RBC production |
| hematuria | blood in the urine |
| hypertension | persistently high blood pressure |
| hypertonus | the state characterized by an increased tonicity or tension |
| hypokalemia | abnormaly low potassium concentration in the blood |
| low motor neurons | peripheral neurons whose cell bodies lie in the central gray columns of the spinal cord and whose terminations lie in skeletal muscle |
| nephrology | the study of the urinary (renal ) system |
| nephron | the basic functional unit of the kidney |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst manifested by increased water consumption (PD) |
| polyuria | excessive urination (PU) |
| retroperitoneal | located behind the peritoneum |
| upper motor neurons | neurons in the cerebral cortex that conduct impulse from the moron cortex to the motor nuclei of the cerebra nerves or the the ventral gray columns of the spinal column. |
| uremia | abnormally high concentrations or urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acid metabolism in the blood. |
| urinary incontinence | lack of voluntary control over the normal excretion of urine |
| urinary tract infections | infection to the urinary tract. infections may be localized or may affect the entire urinary tract. |
| afterload | the resistance (pressure) in arteries that much be overcome to empty blood from the ventricle |
| arrhythmia (dysryhthimia) | a variation from the normal rhythm |
| automaticity | the ability of cardiac muscle to generate impulses |
| bradyarrhythmia | bradycardia associated with an irregularity of heart rhythm |
| bradycardia | a slower than normal heart rate |
| cardiac output | amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute |
| cardiac remodeling | change in the size, shape, structure, and physiology go the heart due to damage to the myocardium. |
| chronotropic | affecting the heart rate |
| depolarization | neutralizing of the polarity of the cardiac cell by an inflow of sodium ions. results in contraction of the cardiac cell and renders it incapable of further contraction until depolarization occurs. |
| diastole | relaxation phase when the chambers of the heart refilling with with blood |
| inotropic | affecting the force of the cardiac muscle contraction. |
| preload | the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole. |
| premature ventricular contraction (PVC) | contraction of the ventricles without a corresponding contraction of the atria. PVCs price from an irritable focus or foci in the ventricles. |
| repolarization | the return of the cell membrane to its resting polarity after depolarization |
| stroke volume | the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat. |
| systole | contraction of the heart muscle |
| tachyarrhythmia | tachycardia associated with an irregularity in normal heart beat rhythm |
| tachycardia | a faster then normal heart rate |
| adsorbent | a drug that inhibits gastrointestinal absorption of drugs, toxins, or chemicals by attracting and holding them to its surface. |
| anticholinergic | blocking nerve impulse transmission through the parasympathetic nervous system; also called parasympatholytic. may be used from the treatment of d+/v+ |
| chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ) | an area in the brain that activates the vomiting center when stimulated by toxic substances in the blood |
| dentifrice | a preparation for cleansing teeth that is available in a powder, paste, or liquid. |
| emesis | the act of vomiting |
| hematemesis | vomiting of blood (often resembles coffee grounds ) |
| melena | dark or black stools that result from blood staining. bleeding as occurred in the anterior part of the GI tract |
| motilin | a hormone secreted by cells in the duodenal mucosa that causes constrain of intestinal smooth muscle. |
| parietal cell | a cell located in the gastric mucosa that recreates hydrochloride acid. |
| peristalsis | a wave of smooth muscle contraction that passes along a tubular structure (GI or other) and moves the contents of that structure forward |
| regurgitation | casting up undigested or semi-digested food stuff from the esophagus or rumen. |
| segmentation | periodic constriction of segments of the intestine without movement backward or forward; a mixing rather then a propulsive movement |
| vomiting center | an area in the medulla that may be stimulated bt the chemoreceptor trigger zone, the cerebrum, or peripheral receptors to induce vomiting. |
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