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APHuG Unit 6
Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| City | A relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; cities serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions |
| Urban | Relating to a city |
| Agricultural surplus | Crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people than the farmer and his or her family |
| Socioeconomic stratification | The structuring of society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership (for instance, a government or ruling class) that exercise control over goods and people |
| First urban revolution | The agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of the earliest cities |
| Urban hearth areas | Regions in which the world's first cities evolved |
| Site | An absolute location of a place on Earth |
| Situation | The relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features, or its regional position with reference to other places |
| Capitalism | An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than owned and run by the state |
| Communism | An economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed |
| Streetcar suburb | A settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines; the streetcars take residents into and out of the city easily |
| Second urban revolution | The industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased urban growth |
| Redevelopment | A set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times |
| Metropolis | A very large and densely populated city, particularly the capital or major city of a country or region |
| Urban area | Any self-governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people |
| Urbanized area | In the United States, an urban area with 50,000 people or more |
| Urban cluster | In the United States, an urban area with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants |
| Metropolitan statistical area | In the United States, a region with at least one urbanized rea as its core |
| Micropolitan statistical area | In the United estates, a region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 people as its cores |
| Suburb | A populated area on the outskirts of a city |
| Urbanization rate | The percentage of a nation's population living in towns and cities |
| Suburbanization | The movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city |
| Sprawl | The tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner |
| Automobile cities | Cities whose size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership |
| Decentralize | In an urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs |
| Edge city | A concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city's traditional downtown or central business district |
| Boomburb (boomburg) | A place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government |
| Infill development | The building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already-developed areas |
| Exurb | A semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families |
| World city | A city that is a control center of the global economy, in which major decisions are made about the world's commercial networks and financial markets (also called a global city) |
| Gated community | Privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it |
| Urban system | A set of interdependent cities or urban places connected by networks |
| Urban hierarchy | A ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy |
| Rank-size rule | The population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy |
| Primate city | A city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country's economic, political, and cultural life |
| Central place theory | A model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are |
| Central place | A settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers |
| Threshold | In central place theory, the number of people required to support businesses |
| Range | In central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquire a good |
| Gravity model | the idea that the closer two places are, the more they will influence each other |
| Concentric zone model | A model of a city's internal organization developed by E.W. Burgess organized in five concentric rings that model the arrangement of different residential zones radiating outward from a central business district |
| Sector model | A model of a city's internal organization, developed by Homer Hoyt, that focuses on transportation and communication as the drivers of a city's layout |
| Multiple-nuclei model | A model of a city's internal organization developed by Chancy Harris and Edward Ullman, showing the residential districts organized around several nodes (nuclei) rather than one central business district |
| Galactic city model (Peripheral model) | A model of a city's internal organization in which the central business district remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and industrial districts are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs and linked by metropolitan expressway systems |
| Griffin-Ford Model | A model of the internal structure of the Latin American city developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford |
| Gentrification | The displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves |
| Perceived density | The general impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area |
| Zoning regulations | Law that dictate how land can be used |
| Fiscal squeeze | Occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure |
| Built environment | The human-made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis |
| Smart growth | Polices that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation |
| Compact design | Development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl) |
| Diverse housing options | Policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood |
| New Urbanism | An approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European-style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing of different types and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation |
| Greenbelt | A zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas |
| Zoning | The classification of land according to restrictions on its use and development |
| Slow-growth city | A city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally with the goal of avoiding negative effects of sprawl |
| Anti-displacement tenant activists | Advocates for poor and working-class residents who are at risk of losing their affordable housing to new development |
| De facto segregation | Racial segregation that is not supported by law but is still apparent |
| Mortgage | A loan that is taken out to purchase a home |
| Redlining | The practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in those neighborhoods |
| Blockbusting | A practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in |
| White flight | The mass movement of white people form the city to the suburbs |
| Affordability | The maximum price that a buyer can afford to pay for a house apartment |
| Housing choice voucher program | A federal government program to assist very-low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled with affordable, decent, safe, and sanitary housing |
| Violent crime | A category of crime that includes murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault |
| Social controls | Formal or informal institutions that help to maintain law and order in a place |
| Environmental inudstice | Occurs when certain groups carry a larger share of environmental risks and hazards than groups who have the power to influence decisions about the environment |
| Environmental racism | Occurs when areas inhabited by low-income people of color are targeted for environmental contamination |
| Environmental justice | The movement to fix environmental discrimination |
| Squatter settlement | An area of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing |
| Land tenure | The right to own or hold property; it defines the ways in which rights to that property are managed |
| Inclusionary zoning (IZ) | Municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low to moderate incomes |
| Exclusionary zoning | Zoning that attempts to keep low-to-moderate income people out of a neighborhood |
| NIMBYs | Abbreviation for "not in my backyard"; term for people who try to prevent the construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood |
| Below market rate housing | Housing that costs much less than the going rate |
| Urban renewal | Large-scale redevelopment of the built environment in downtown and older inner-city neighborhoods |
| Fiscal imbalance | Occurs when a government must sped more than it receives in taxes |
| Fiscal zoning | The practice of using local land-use regulation to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base |
| Ecological footprint | The total amount of natural resources used and their impact on the natural environment |
| Urban heat island | A mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities, that sits over a city |
| Urban footprint | The spatial extent of an urban area's impacts on the natural environment |
| Urban risk divide | The idea that disasters and disaster risk become urban phenomena as the world's population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities |
| Brownfields | Properties whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants |
| Brownfield remediation | The process of removing or sealing off contaminants so that a site may be used again without any health concerns |
| Phytoremediation | The removal of contaminants with plant species that react with or degrade contaminants or draw up contaminants form the soil into shoots and leaves |
| Farmland Protection Policy Act (FPPA) | US law that grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland |
| Scattered developments | Subdivisions or developments that do not border on existing settlements and that remove agricultural land from production |
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