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Statistics

Chapter 4

TermDefinition
Population the entire group of individuals we want information about
sample a subset of individuals in the population from which we collect data
convenience sample choosing individuals from the population that are easy to reach
voluntary response sample consists of people who choose themselves by responding to a general invitation
simple random sample (SRS) a size "n" is chosen in such a way that every group of "n" individuals in the population has an equal chance to be selected as a sample
SRS Table D Random Digit Table, number individuals, select #s from random digit table
SRS TI-84 Technology. number individuals, select #s from (RandInt) on calc
SRS Paper Hat Method, write individuals on equally sized papers, mix up, choose #s, without replacement
Observational study observe individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the response (implying no treatment)
Experiment deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their response (placebo is a treatment)
placebo "sugar pill", NOT an explanatory variable
subjects when your experimental units are human beings
experimental units the smallest collections of individuals in which treatments are applied
confounding variables occurs when 2 variables are associated in such a way that their effects on the response cannot be distinguished from each other
Four components of great experiment 1 random assignment
Four components of great experiment 2 comparison of 2+ treatments ( can be placebo)
Four components of great experiment 3 control (each group is the same)
Four components of great experiment 4 replication (repeat many times)
completely randomized design the experimental units are assigned to the treatments completely by chance (calc, hat method, random digit table)
blind if either the subjects OR the researchers ( not both ) know who is receiving which treatment
double blind neither the subject nor the researchers know who is receiving which treatment
statistically significant when an observed difference between groups is too large to be explained by chance
matched pairs blocked each individual or subject gets both treatments
Systematic random sampling every "n" th person in a population is chosen to be part of the sample
stratified random sampling begin by classifying the population into groups of similar individuals (called strata) then choose a separate SRS in each stratum and combine to form a single sample
cluster sampling classify population into groups of individuals that are located near each other then choose an SRS of the clusters
When can you generalize the results to a population? when the sample is randomly selected
When is there an explanatory response relationship? when the subjects/experimental units are assigned treatments randomly
Created by: carlipease1147
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